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Subject: [Webpush] Opsdir last call review of draft-ietf-webpush-vapid-03
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Reviewer: Stefan Winter
Review result: Has Issues

Cryptographic agility is ensured by requiring an all-new protocol in case a
different algorithm is used, or any other protocol property is changed (the
newly defined auth scheme "vapid" is hard-wired to ECDSA NIST P-256, and there
is no version field in the JWT token). Considering that the JWT header and JWK
fields describe their signing method, making it cryptographically agile,
pinning the algorithm appears to be a strange choice (see the example in 2.4).

The last paragraph of Security Considerations remains a mystery to me. What is
a "gradual migration"? With no key rollover, any change of key simply breaks
all clients with using that key. The last sentence implies that such a hard
failure is acceptable. That's a rather simplistic protocol design.

The example in 2.4 does not appear to be correct. I cannot decode "t":

> base64 --decode
eyJ0eXAiOiJKV1QiLCJhbGciOiJFUzI1NiJ9.eyJhdWQiOiJodHRwczovL3B1c2guZXhhbXBsZS5uZXQiLCJleHAiOjE0NTM1MjM3NjgsInN1YiI6Im1haWx0bzpwdXNoQGV4YW1wbGUuY29tIn0.i3CYb7t4xfxCDquptFOepC9GAu_HLGkMlMuCGSK2rpiUfnK9ojFwDXb1JrErtmysazNjjvW2L9OkSSHzvoD1oA
{"typ":"JWT","alg":"ES256"}base64: ungültige Eingabe



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 I was asked to review draft-ietf-webpush-encryption.

Overall I think this document is ready; I'd lightly recommend one
editorial change and have a callout that borders the line on editorial.

In Section 3.4 "Encryption Summary", I think it adds clarity to
explicitly stating the "L" inputs for the two final HKDFs.  I've
submitted PR #12 to that effect.

More concerning is that "keyid" is expected to be the "raw" ECDH public
key, which is almost certainly not a UTF-8 encoded string; this bends
the SHOULD in draft-ietf-httpbis-encryption-encoding.  It needs to be
called out more explicitly than I see so far, but I don't have any
specific text to start with.


--=20
- m&m

Matthew A. Miller


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-----BEGIN PGP SIGNATURE-----

iQEcBAEBCgAGBQJZWm95AAoJEOz0ck4QngW7IZ4H/16sLH6NGS2VNWnFydQBW1U8
n0T0MXDzwjH0O7IKT59yB1E7nTfnQ7nEKgZpbd/g0baBqR1QOEEV4eA2YOFIZzga
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From nobody Mon Jul  3 10:31:48 2017
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On 7/3/17 10:57, Stefan Winter wrote:
> The example in 2.4 does not appear to be correct. I cannot decode "t":
>
>> base64 --decode
> eyJ0eXAiOiJKV1QiLCJhbGciOiJFUzI1NiJ9.eyJhdWQiOiJodHRwczovL3B1c2guZXhhbXBsZS5uZXQiLCJleHAiOjE0NTM1MjM3NjgsInN1YiI6Im1haWx0bzpwdXNoQGV4YW1wbGUuY29tIn0.i3CYb7t4xfxCDquptFOepC9GAu_HLGkMlMuCGSK2rpiUfnK9ojFwDXb1JrErtmysazNjjvW2L9OkSSHzvoD1oA
> {"typ":"JWT","alg":"ES256"}base64: ungültige Eingabe
>
>

I'll let the authors respond to your other points; but, as this is 
simply a mechanical issue, I'll try to clarify the intended syntax (NOTE 
TO AUTHORS: THERE IS STILL AN ERROR THAT NEEDS FIXING).

"t" contains a JWT, which consists of three separate base64 encoded 
fields, delimited by a "." character: a header, a body, and a signature. 
The signature, naturally, does not render as something readable when 
decoded. Thus:

# echo eyJ0eXAiOiJKV1QiLCJhbGciOiJFUzI1NiJ9 | base64 --decode

{"typ":"JWT","alg":"ES256"}


# echo 
eyJhdWQiOiJodHRwczovL3B1c2guZXhhbXBsZS5uZXQiLCJleHAiOjE0NTM1MjM3NjgsInN1YiI6Im1haWx0bzpwdXNoQGV4YW1wbGUuY29tIn0 
| base64 --decode

{"aud":"https://push.example.net","exp":1453523768,"sub":"mailto:push@example.com


# echo 
i3CYb7t4xfxCDquptFOepC9GAu_HLGkMlMuCGSK2rpiUfnK9ojFwDXb1JrErtmysazNjjvW2L9OkSSHzvoD1oA 
| base64 --decode | od -tx1

0000000    8b  70  98  6f  bb  78  c5  fc  42  0e  ab  a9  b4 53  9e  a4
0000020    2f  46  02  ef  c7  2c  69  0c  94  cb  82  19  22  b6 ae  98
0000040    94  7e  72  bd  a2  31  70  0d  76  f5  26  b1  2b  b6 6c  ac
0000060    6b  33  63  8e  f5  b6  2f  d3  a4  49  21  f3  be  80 f5
0000077

So, there is an error, inasmuch as the body is missing a closing 
quotation mark and a closing brace; but the base64 encoding is otherwise 
okay.

/a


From nobody Mon Jul  3 17:14:17 2017
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From: Martin Thomson <martin.thomson@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 4 Jul 2017 10:14:04 +1000
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To: Adam Roach <adam@nostrum.com>
Cc: Stefan Winter <stefan.winter@restena.lu>, "ops-dir@ietf.org" <ops-dir@ietf.org>,  "webpush@ietf.org" <webpush@ietf.org>, "ietf@ietf.org" <ietf@ietf.org>, draft-ietf-webpush-vapid.all@ietf.org
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On 4 July 2017 at 03:31, Adam Roach <adam@nostrum.com> wrote:
> # echo
> eyJhdWQiOiJodHRwczovL3B1c2guZXhhbXBsZS5uZXQiLCJleHAiOjE0NTM1MjM3NjgsInN1YiI6Im1haWx0bzpwdXNoQGV4YW1wbGUuY29tIn0
> | base64 --decode
>
> {"aud":"https://push.example.net","exp":1453523768,"sub":"mailto:push@example.com

I get this:

$ echo eyJhdWQiOiJodHRwczovL3B1c2guZXhhbXBsZS5uZXQiLCJleHAiOjE0NTM1MjM3NjgsInN1YiI6Im1haWx0bzpwdXNoQGV4YW1wbGUuY29tIn0
| base64 --decode
{"aud":"https://push.example.net","exp":1453523768,"sub":"mailto:push@example.com"}base64:
invalid input

Which fills me with confidence in the base64 tool.  You'll note that
the trailing quote and curly brace are present here, but there is an
inexplicable error that adding the -i option doesn't remove.

I built this using my own implementation and verified it, but you will
see that this works too:

$ npm install base64url;node -e
'console.log(require("base64url").decode("eyJhdWQiOiJodHRwczovL3B1c2guZXhhbXBsZS5uZXQiLCJleHAiOjE0NTM1MjM3NjgsInN1YiI6Im1haWx0bzpwdXNoQGV4YW1wbGUuY29tIn0"))'
{"aud":"https://push.example.net","exp":1453523768,"sub":"mailto:push@example.com"}

(note that running this leaves a node_modules lying around).

https://www.base64decode.org/ also agrees.


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Date: Tue, 4 Jul 2017 02:20:23 +0200
Cc: Adam Roach <adam@nostrum.com>, Stefan Winter <stefan.winter@restena.lu>, "ops-dir@ietf.org" <ops-dir@ietf.org>, draft-ietf-webpush-vapid.all@ietf.org, "ietf@ietf.org" <ietf@ietf.org>, "webpush@ietf.org" <webpush@ietf.org>
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base64 classic seems to need padding and reacts differently on different =
versions when that is missing.

(I=E2=80=99d like to meet someone who can explain what they were =
thinking when they invented padding.)

Gr=C3=BC=C3=9Fe, Carsten


> On Jul 4, 2017, at 02:14, Martin Thomson <martin.thomson@gmail.com> =
wrote:
>=20
> On 4 July 2017 at 03:31, Adam Roach <adam@nostrum.com> wrote:
>> # echo
>> =
eyJhdWQiOiJodHRwczovL3B1c2guZXhhbXBsZS5uZXQiLCJleHAiOjE0NTM1MjM3NjgsInN1Yi=
I6Im1haWx0bzpwdXNoQGV4YW1wbGUuY29tIn0
>> | base64 --decode
>>=20
>> =
{"aud":"https://push.example.net","exp":1453523768,"sub":"mailto:push@exam=
ple.com
>=20
> I get this:
>=20
> $ echo =
eyJhdWQiOiJodHRwczovL3B1c2guZXhhbXBsZS5uZXQiLCJleHAiOjE0NTM1MjM3NjgsInN1Yi=
I6Im1haWx0bzpwdXNoQGV4YW1wbGUuY29tIn0
> | base64 --decode
> =
{"aud":"https://push.example.net","exp":1453523768,"sub":"mailto:push@exam=
ple.com"}base64:
> invalid input
>=20
> Which fills me with confidence in the base64 tool.  You'll note that
> the trailing quote and curly brace are present here, but there is an
> inexplicable error that adding the -i option doesn't remove.
>=20
> I built this using my own implementation and verified it, but you will
> see that this works too:
>=20
> $ npm install base64url;node -e
> =
'console.log(require("base64url").decode("eyJhdWQiOiJodHRwczovL3B1c2guZXhh=
bXBsZS5uZXQiLCJleHAiOjE0NTM1MjM3NjgsInN1YiI6Im1haWx0bzpwdXNoQGV4YW1wbGUuY2=
9tIn0"))'
> =
{"aud":"https://push.example.net","exp":1453523768,"sub":"mailto:push@exam=
ple.com"}
>=20
> (note that running this leaves a node_modules lying around).
>=20
> https://www.base64decode.org/ also agrees.
>=20
>=20


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On 4 July 2017 at 10:20, Carsten Bormann <cabo@tzi.org> wrote:
> base64 classic seems to need padding and reacts differently on different versions when that is missing.

Ahh, another example of insufficient application of Postel's Maxim.
Adding "=" fixes this particular problem.


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Trimming ietf@

On 4 July 2017 at 01:57, Stefan Winter <stefan.winter@restena.lu> wrote:
> Cryptographic agility is ensured by requiring an all-new protocol in case a
> different algorithm is used, or any other protocol property is changed (the
> newly defined auth scheme "vapid" is hard-wired to ECDSA NIST P-256, and there
> is no version field in the JWT token). Considering that the JWT header and JWK
> fields describe their signing method, making it cryptographically agile,
> pinning the algorithm appears to be a strange choice (see the example in 2.4).

The problem here isn't that you can't switch to a different
cryptographic scheme in the format (clearly you can), but that you
don't know that your scheme will be accepted.   We opted to rely
*solely* on the mechanisms that HTTP provides for this, which means
that we can succinctly refer to this scheme as "vapid" with confidence
that that encompassed more than just the basic structure. If we wanted
to add - say XMSS - we would define a new scheme called "vapid-xmss"
and we might use the same basic arrangement.

Note that for a time we considered removing the JWT header in the
interest of saving those bytes.  In the end, we decided that HTTP/2
header compression would suffice.

> The last paragraph of Security Considerations remains a mystery to me. What is
> a "gradual migration"? With no key rollover, any change of key simply breaks
> all clients with using that key. The last sentence implies that such a hard
> failure is acceptable. That's a rather simplistic protocol design.

The issue of key rollover is dealt with in the section immediately
preceding the Security Considerations section (this is from the
editor's copy):

   An application server that needs to replace its signing key needs to
   request the creation of a new subscription by the user agent that is
   restricted to the updated key.  Application servers need to remember
   the key that was used when requesting the creation of a subscription.

In other words, you migrate to a new key by creating new
subscriptions. That doesn't create any hard failures.

"Gradual" here refers to making these new subscriptions gradually,
rather than all at once. The sentence you refer to:

   Gradual migration to a new signing key reduces the chances that requests
   that use the new key will be categorized as abusive.

This refers to the fact that if you are a large volume sender of push
messages (some large sites send many thousands per second), then
changing over all of your subscriptions at the same time might appear
as though you suddenly stopped and some unknown party just started a
denial of service attack.


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From: Martin Thomson <martin.thomson@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 4 Jul 2017 14:34:50 +1000
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Subject: Re: [Webpush] Last-minute Review of Webpush Encryption
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On 4 July 2017 at 02:23, Matthew A. Miller
<linuxwolf+ietf@outer-planes.net> wrote:
> In Section 3.4 "Encryption Summary", I think it adds clarity to
> explicitly stating the "L" inputs for the two final HKDFs.  I've
> submitted PR #12 to that effect.

I see your point, and I agree that this could be clearer, but I didn't
really like the unused variables.  See
https://github.com/webpush-wg/webpush-encryption/pull/13, which you
already approved :)

> More concerning is that "keyid" is expected to be the "raw" ECDH public
> key, which is almost certainly not a UTF-8 encoded string; this bends
> the SHOULD in draft-ietf-httpbis-encryption-encoding.  It needs to be
> called out more explicitly than I see so far, but I don't have any
> specific text to start with.

I think that a note will help, yes.
https://github.com/webpush-wg/webpush-encryption/pull/14


From nobody Mon Jul 10 16:04:53 2017
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Subject: [Webpush] AD Evaluation: draft-ietf-webpush-encryption
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Webpush Encryption author --

This is my AD review for draft-ietf-webpush-encryption-08.

This document is ready for IETF last call. I have a handful of comments, 
mostly editorial, that you should treat the same as any other last call 
comments.

The notational conventions section is cute; however, I believe that it 
would benefit from being brought in line with the more conventional 2119 
boilerplate.

The final paragraph of section 2.1 uses the word "any" in a rather 
sweeping fashion, implying that the algorithms, key sizes, and 
consequent strengths for providing authentication, integrity, and 
confidentiality are immaterial. I would suggest qualifying this more 
carefully.

The summary in section 3.4 is greatly appreciated. I'm a bit confused 
about the "salt = random(16)" as something that appears in the "for 
both" section. As written, this appears to indicate that each side 
generates their own salt as input to the PRK, which I doubt works 
(unless there's some black magic at play here that I don't understand). 
Appendix A would appear to indicate that the Application Server 
generates this value, and provides it to the "receiver" (user agent?). 
This is all made somewhat more confusing by the fact that 3.3 defines 
"salt" (which is the HKDF salt rather than the PRK generation salt) to 
be equal to the authentication secret, generated by the client. Needless 
to say, it's pretty easy to get lost in all the salting -- I would 
suggest some notational distinction between them. Also, please make it 
clear in Section 3.4 who generates the salt for the PRK.

Section 4: s/the some of the length/the sum of the length/

Section 5: "base64url" needs a definition -- I would suggest citing RFC 
4648, section 5.

The final ciphertext in the appendix appears to contain a spurious space.

Please expand the following acronyms upon first use; see 
https://www.rfc-editor.org/materials/abbrev.expansion.txt for guidance.

  - UA - User Agent
  - HMAC - Hashed Message Authentication Code
  - PRK - Unknown
  - CEK - content-encryption key


/a


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From: Martin Thomson <martin.thomson@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 11 Jul 2017 10:48:03 +1000
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Thanks Adam,

Should you care: https://github.com/webpush-wg/webpush-encryption/pull/15

I can generate a new version and submit it at a time of your choosing
if these changes are acceptable.

On 11 July 2017 at 09:04, Adam Roach <adam@nostrum.com> wrote:
> The final paragraph of section 2.1 uses the word "any" in a rather sweeping
> fashion, implying that the algorithms, key sizes, and consequent strengths
> for providing authentication, integrity, and confidentiality are immaterial.
> I would suggest qualifying this more carefully.

I've changed this to "An authenticated communication mechanism that
provides adequate confidentiality and integrity protection, such as
HTTPS [...]"

> The summary in section 3.4 is greatly appreciated. I'm a bit confused about
> the "salt = random(16)"

That's an error.  I have moved this to the right place.

> Section 4: s/the some of the length/the sum of the length/

Not in my copy; I think that Matt fixed this for me already.

> Section 5: "base64url" needs a definition -- I would suggest citing RFC
> 4648, section 5.

How did I miss that...

> The final ciphertext in the appendix appears to contain a spurious space.

I broke these into 32 character chunks so that line wrapping wouldn't
hurt too much, that's all.  I'll explain that better.


From nobody Tue Jul 11 11:38:21 2017
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Subject: [Webpush] Last Call: <draft-ietf-webpush-encryption-08.txt> (Message Encryption for Web Push) to Proposed Standard
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The IESG has received a request from the Web-Based Push Notifications WG
(webpush) to consider the following document: - 'Message Encryption for Web
Push'
  <draft-ietf-webpush-encryption-08.txt> as Proposed Standard

The IESG plans to make a decision in the next few weeks, and solicits final
comments on this action. Please send substantive comments to the
ietf@ietf.org mailing lists by 2017-08-01. Exceptionally, comments may be
sent to iesg@ietf.org instead. In either case, please retain the beginning of
the Subject line to allow automated sorting.

Abstract


   A message encryption scheme is described for the Web Push protocol.
   This scheme provides confidentiality and integrity for messages sent
   from an Application Server to a User Agent.




The file can be obtained via
https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/draft-ietf-webpush-encryption/

IESG discussion can be tracked via
https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/draft-ietf-webpush-encryption/ballot/


No IPR declarations have been submitted directly on this I-D.





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From: Martin Thomson <martin.thomson@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 25 Jul 2017 15:02:09 +1000
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Subject: [Webpush] Editorial changes to encryption doc
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Just to keep everyone here up to date on what is going on, here are
the current outstanding changes to the -encryption doc.  I believe
that all of these are minor and editorial, but I thought that I'd
point them out.

Adam Roach did a review:
https://github.com/webpush-wg/webpush-encryption/pull/15

Frank did a secdir review and found some other errors:
https://github.com/webpush-wg/webpush-encryption/pull/16

Finally, I noticed an error when I rebased to RFC 8188:
https://github.com/webpush-wg/webpush-encryption/pull/17

