DNS-SD Compatible Service Discovery in GeneRic Autonomic Signaling Protocol (GRASP)

GeneRic Autonomic Signaling Protocol (GRASP) is intended to be used for Service Announcement, Discovery and Selection especially in network or for network services intended to be deployable without dependencies against centralized "server" entities, such as fully autonomous networks or Autonomous Service Agents (ASA). To support these goals, GRASP provides a hop-by-hop network wide flooding of announcement or discover messages reliably and secured and without looping messages. This flooding is achieved with a per-hop GRASP agent responsible for per-hop flooding of GRASP messages. While such flooding based procedures do not necessarily scale to arbitrarily large number of services or services instances, it is easy to calculate how many service anouncement and/or discovery messages can be supported in a target network without exceeding reasonable limits on those service messages use of network resources. Typically, all services required by the network infrastructure, as well as core application services will scale perfectly well with this model and eradicate the requirement for provisioning of centralized entities and building redundancy for them. DNS-SD via mDNS was introduced with the same purposes, but does not have a solid multi-hop flooding modely to rely on because it solely relies on ASM IP Multicast, and there is no IETF standards track solution through which this service can be autonomously provided. Instead, it would have to rely on protocols such as PIM-SM or Bidir-PIM which all require careful planning of centralized service entities called Rendesvous points - as well as planning and deployment redundancy for them. The non-ability to use his service for DNS-SD with mDNS first lead to attempts building flooding for mDNS messages without an underlying IP multicast service as an mDNS message flooding through various commercial vendors, but these solutions all suffered from the problem, that mDNS messages themselves do not provide the means for loop detection. Ultimately, mDNS today is strongly recommended to only be used within IP subnets, and no expectation of reach beyond a single subnet. Instead, any larger-scale network deployments of mDNS would rely on mDNS to unicast DNS proxies which in turn depend on explicitly provisioned and "centralized" deployed DNS servers. Which is not a well enough feasible solution for service that easily could and should operate autonomously: Just plug a few routers together, have services on them be able to run and be used by any other client in the network without any configuration. This is what ANIMA ANI achieves to deliver, but this is also what very ilghtweight implementations of only GRASP on every router can deliver - without necessarily requirring the rest of ANI - BRSKI or ACP. What GRASP itself does not define though is what DNS-SD defines very well, and that is the nature of what a service announcement/discover is: What is the name of a service ? When there are multiple instances (entities) that offer the service, how are they distinguished from one another (service-instance names) ? How should a client for a service determine, which service instance to use ? Some services may be high priority than others. Other instances may be equally well usebable but have different performances and load sharing by clients is desired. These and others are all questions and requirements for any service announcement/discovery/selection mechanism, and DNS-SD has well defined them. So it seems frivolous to have to reinvent all these solutions, especially when it would lead to useless duplication of IANA registries such as service registries already existing for use with any service discovery mechanism, but primarily used for DNS-SD. When attempting to thus reuse what was well defined for DNS-SD, the first idea coming to mind is likely to simply encapsulate mDNS messages into GRASP, but that wold simply create a lot of unnecessary overhead on the wire as well as unnecessary processing. As RFC6763 explains, DNS-SD itself is not necessarily the ideal way to define signalling for service announcement/discovery/selection, but it is based on decades long experience in Apple with the (proprietary) Name Binding Protocol (NBP), and DNS-SD was merely the approach on how to map the information required for services into DNS. Both DNS unicast, as well as DNS multicast (mDNS). This effectively lead to a whole layer of complexity, which is to split of the information required for a single service into multiple DNS Resource Records (DNS-RR) because that is how DNS operates. In result, a single DNS-SD service instance consists of a SRV RR, PTR RR, TXT RR, A and/or AAAA RR. None of this complexity is necessary in GRASP, because in GRASP it is very simple to define a CBOR structure carrying all the desired information elements for a service instance announcement and/or discovery, and this document is exactly doing this: Specifying a direct binding from the service instance information elements as specified in RFC6760 and then detailled in DNS-SD (RFC6763) into a single type of GRASP message (GRASP objective) so that there can be a single consistent service instance definition with its information elements, but two different mappings into separate underlying "protocol machineries": DNS-SD into DNS (unicast/multicast) and this document defining mapping into GRASP. One of the big benefits of this approach is that it also allows to easily convert DNS-SD service information into GRASP and vice versa. For example via proxies. It is equally possible to build APIs for applications that only need to be concerned with the service information elements and let the underlying SDK determine whether to use DNS-SD and/or GRASP to signal it. While the focus of this document is to define GRASP service data encoding and signaling primarily for the flooding based methods in GRASP, they can equally be applied to the unicast signaling methods of GRASP. However, this document (in this version) does not aim to provide a 100% mapping of all features of DNS-SD. This may change inf future revisions, but for now, the document concentrates on service announcement and discovery within a single local domain. Somthing which in DNS is covered via domain ".local" in mDNS and an appropriate mapping into some named local domain in unicast DNS. The reason for this limitation is simply that there is as of today no well developed structuring of flooding GRASP, and as such the best constraint to be put onto the use of GRASP for flooded service announcemenet/discovery is by constraining it to the equivalent of ".local". To not limit deployment of solutions in need of broader DNS services, the mechanisms in this document allows for automatically discovering DNS-SD servers via GRASP and thus easy building of hybrid solutions leveraging the best of GRASP and DNS: Use GRASP for local domain (but potentially large scale) flooding based discovery/selection via GRASP eliminating multicast-DNS and need for DNS servers, and use unicast-DNS for any services that can not be deployed without dependency against centralized DNS servers anyhow.

The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "NOT RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in BCP 14 when, and only when, they appear in all capitals, as shown here. This document makes use of terms and concepts defined in .

Unsolicited, flooded announcements (M_FLOOD) in GRASP and solicited flooded discovery (M_DISCOVERY) operate on the unit of GRASP technical objectives (identified by 'objective-names' as discussed in Section 2.10 of ). Therefore, a scheme is required to indicate services via 'objective-names'. Note: Future work may want to reuse the encodings related to services (defined below in this document) inside other (multicast or unicast only) objective exchanges, in which case the service names are not impacted. When a technical objective (simply referred to as objective) is meant to be solely about a service name, the objective MUST uses an 'objective-name' of 'SRV.<service-name>'. This naming scheme is meant to avoid creating duplicates and, potentially, inconsistent name registrations for those objectives vs. registrations done, for example, for DNS-SD. When an objective is meant announcement and discovery of a DNS compatible <name> such as "www-internal" in "www-internal.example.com", the objective SHOULD use an objective-name of NAME.<name>. See for more details.

Because service discovery, as explained in the prior section, needs to utilize different objectives, it requires cross-objective standardized encoding of the elements of services. GRASP does not define standardized message elements for the message body (called "objective-value") of GRASP messages. Therefore, this document introduces such a feature.

relement-value ) relement-codepoint = uint relement-value = any ]]> If an objective relies upon reusable elements, the 'objective-value' MUST be a CBOR map and the reusable elements are found under the key "@rfcXXXX". Objectives that do not want reusable elements may use any objective-value format including a CBOR map, but they can not use the "@rfcXXXX" key if they use a map. This approach was chosen as the hopefully least intrusive mechanism given how by nature all of "objective-value" is meant to be defined by individual objective definitions. The value of "@rfcXXXX" is a map of reusable elements. Each 'relement' has an IANA registered element-name and codepoint (see ). The element-name is for documentation purposes only, CBOR encodings only use the numeric codepoint for encoding efficiency to minimize the risk for this solution to not be applicable to low-bitrate networks such as in IoT. Format and semantic of the relement-value is determined by the specification of the reusable element as is the fact whether more than one instances of the same reusable element are permitted. Reusable elements should be defined to be extensible. The methods used depend on the complexity of the element and the likely need to extend/modify the element with backward or non-backward compatible information. The following is a set of initial options to choose from: Element values that are a map MUST permit and reserve key value 0 (numerical) for private extensions of the element defined by the individual objective. Element values that are a map MUST NOT use bareword key values starting with a "_". These too are for private extensions defined by the individual objective. Element values SHOULD be defined so that additional keys in maps and additional elements at the end of arrays can be ignored by prior versions of the definition. Whenever a newer definition is made for an element where this rule is violated, the element SHOULD be changed in a way for older version recipients to recognize that it is not compatible with it. One method to indicate compatibility is a traditional version "<mayor>.<minor>". Within the same <mayor> version number, increasing <minor> version numbers must be backward compatible. Different <mayor> version numbers are not expected to be compatible with each other. If they are, then this can be indicated by including multiple version numbers. A compressed form of version compatibility information is the use of a simple bitmask element where each bit indicates a version that the represented data is compatible with.

1..255 ) ]]> Sender-loop-count is set by the sender of an objective message to the same value as the loop-count of the message. On receipt, distance = ( sender-loop-count - loop-count ) is the distance of the sender from the receiver in hops. This element can be used for informational purposes in M_FLOOD and M_DISCOVERY messages and may be required to be used in these messages by the specification of other elements (such as the service element described below). This element MUST occur at most once. If a receiver expects to use the distance but sender-loop-count was not announced, then distance SHOULD be assumed to be 255 by the receiver.

The srv-element (service element) is a reusable element to request or announce a service instance or to request and list service instance names.

context-element ) context-element = { ?( &(private:0) => any), ?( &(msg-type:1 => msg-type), ?( &(service:2) => tstr), *( &(instance:3) => tstr), ?( &(domain:4) => tstr), ?( &(priority:5) => 0..65535 ), ?( &(weight:6) => 0..65535 ), *( &(kvpairs:7) => { *(tstr: any) }, ?( &(range:8) => 0..255 ), *( &(clocator:9) => clocator), } clocator = [ context, locator-option ] context = cstr locator-option = ; from GRASP msg-type = &( describe: 0, describe-request:1, enumerate:2, enumerate-request:3 ) ]]> A service name registered according to RFC6335. If it is not present, then objective-name MUST be SRV.<service-name> where <service-name> is the service-name. The <Instance> of a DNS-SD Service Instance Name ( <Instance> . <Service> . <Domain>). It is optional, see . The equivalent of the <Domain> field of a DNS-SD Service Instance Name. If domain is not present, this is equivalent to ".local" in DNS (as introduced by mDNS) and implies the unnamed "local" domain, which is the GRASP domain across which the message is transmitted. Service Instance selection criteria as defined in RFC2782. If either one is not present, its value defaults to 0. Map of key/value pairs that are service parameters in the same format as the key/value pairs in TXT field(s) of DNS-SD TXT records as defined in RFC6763, section 6.3. Allows to flexibly combine distance and priority/weight based service selection according to the definition of distance in . If min-distance is the distance of the closest service announcer, and min-range the range announced by it, then the recipient MUST consider the priority/weight of all service announcers that are not further away than (min-distance + min-range). If not included, range defaults to 255. If range is announced, the sender-loop-count element MUST also be announced. The "contextual locator" allows to indicate zero or more locators for the indicated service instance. The context element indicates in which context the locator-option is to be resolved. The reserved context value of "" (empty string) indicates the GRASP domain used, aka: the "local" context in which the service announcement is made. The reserved context value of "0" indicates the default routing context of the announcing node. This is often called "global table", "VRF 0" or "default VRF" on nodes using the "VRF" abstraction. Any other value is a string specifying a context such as another VRF. The mechanism by which originator and recipient of the srv-element agree on common naming for contexts is outside the scope of this specification. The context therefore allows to indicate locators both for the context through which the GRASP message distributed the srv-element (GRASP domain) as well as that for other contexts. Assume the GRASP domain is the ACP, then clocators in ACP would have a context of "", clocators in the global routing table (part of the data-plane) a context of "0", and clocators on other VRFs (also part of data-plane) a clocator that is their string name. If no locators are indicated, then the locator of the service(s) is the optional locator-option of the GRASP message in which the objective is contained meant to be used for the service(s) indicated and the clocator implied is "". If locator(s) are indicated, the messages location-option must be ignored for the service (but may be necessary to be present for other purposes of the objective). Type (aka: intention) of the srv-element. If not present, it is assumed to be "describe". Describes one service instance. At least one clocator is required for a positive response, all other fields are permitted, but optional. "Describe" is used in M_FLOOD for unsolicited announcements of services (flooded), in M_RESPONSE messages for solicited announcements of a service and in M_NEGOTIATE for negotiated announcements (both unicasted). If clocator is not included, then all fields except service and instance (and msg-type and private) must not be included and the srv-element provides a negative reply: No information about this service/service instance. This is only permitted in unicasted "describe" messages. Request for a "describe" reply. It is used in M_DISCOVERY (flooded) for solicited discovery of services or in M_REQ_SYN (unicasted) for negotiated discovery of service instance(s). In "describe-request", only service is mandatory (but can be provided via the objective-name field of the message), and domain is optional. "Instance" is optional. If provided, then the recipient is asked to provide information about the named instance only. All other fields of srv-element are to be ignored by the receiver in this specification, but a semantic for setting them may be introduced in follow-up work, specifically to filter replies by the indicated fields. "Describe-request" without instance MAY be answered by "Enumerate" (see below) if the responder has so many instances that it thinks the initiator should rather first select one or fewer instances and ask for their description. The sender of te "Describe-request" MUST be prepared to accept that answer and as necessary follow up with "Describe-request" with the instance names of interest. Used in the same GRASP messages as "describe", but instead of providing information about one service instance, it is listing service instance names. The purpose of enumerate is the same as browsing a service in DNS-SD. It would be followed by some human or automated selection of one or more instances and then a "describe" M_REQ_SYN request for those instances sent to the source of the "enumerate" to learn about the locators and other parameters of the service instances. In this specification, all fields other than service, instance and domain (and msg-type and private) must be unset in "enumerate". Requests an "enumerate" reply. It is used in the same way as "Describe-request" except that instance would usually not be set (because in that case it is more useful to send a "Describe-request").

The NAME,<name> elements is meant to provide basic name resolution comparable to mDNS name resolution for GRASP domains where this is desirable and no better name resolution exist - for example in the ACP where there is no requirement for DNS. Because the GRASP service lookup (unlike) DNS does not mandate that nodes have names (not even service instance names), the use of names is primarily meant to support legacy software. New designs should instead look up only services and service instance names, and nodes should announce their names as service instance names for the services they offer: For example consider a GRASP (ACP) domain of "example.com". The node providing some "www" service could have a name "www-internal" which means GRASP objective NAME.www-internal, that objective value would include primarily the nodes IP address(es) and the port number for the www service would have to be guessed (80). Better, the node would announce GRASP objective SRV.www and the objective value would include the service instance name www-internal and the (TCP) port information (80 or a non-default port).

context-element ) context-element //= { *( &name:10) => tstr), } ipv6-address-option = [O_IPv4_ADDRESS, ipv6-address] ipv4-address-option = [O_IPv6_ADDRESS, ipv6-address] locator-option /= ipv4-address-option locator-option /= ipv6-address-option ]]> Name information is carried in the name-element relement. It is a context-element like the one used for srv-element except that it adds the name component and that it does not permit the service and instance components and that it allows only describe and describe-request values in the msg-type. Clocators MUST use the ipv6-address-option or ipv4-address-option in the locator-option component. TBD: Unclear if/how we should best formalize the differences in the context element permitted information between services and names. The above is quite informal. Priority, weight, kvpairs, range (and of course private) MAY be used in describe messages to support multiple instances of the same name, as used for name anycast/prioritycast. Nodes may have multiple names. These can be listed in the name component. If a nodes names have the notion of a primary name and secondary names then the primary name should be the first in the list of names. In DNS-SD, the name pointed to by CNAME RRs can be considered to be the primary name. A describe-request for a non-primary name SHOULD return in the list of names the requested name and the primary name. Note that there is no reverse lookup defined in this version of the document (no lookup from IP address to name).

TBD: This section contains a range of details that should become normative in later versions. This section provides a step by step walk-through of how to use GRASP service announcements and compares it to DNS-SD. The most simple method to use GRASP service discovery is to select (and if still necessary, register) a <service-name> and start one or more agents (e.g.: ASAs) announcing their service instance(s) via GRASP. At minimum, an agent should periodically (default 60 seconds) announce the service instance via GRASP M_FLOOD messages as an objective SRV.<service-name> with a srv-element and a sender-loop-count element (default 255). The ttl of the GRASP message should be 3.5 times the announcement period, e.g.: 210000 msec. Consumers of the service will use GRASP to learn of the service instances and select one. This approach is most similar to the use of DNS-SD with mDNS except that the scope of the announcement is a whole GRASP domain (such as the ACP) as opposed to a single IP subnet in mDNS and that mDNS primarily relies on request & reply but in its standard not on periodic unsolicited announcements. We describe here the unsolicited flooding option via M_FLOOD first because it is recommended for services with a dense population of service consumers and it is most simple to describe. On the service announcer, the parameters priority, weight and range of the service instance can be selected from intent or configuration - or left at default. The default range 255 will result in selection of a random target of the service like in DNS-SD. Setting priority/weight allows to prioritize and weigh the selection as in DNS-SD. Setting range to 0 allows to select the closest target, priority/weight are only compared between targets of the same shortest distance. Distance based options are not available in DNS-SD because it does not expect that network distance is available to arbitrary DNS-SD client. It is available to GRASP clients though. Using 0 < range < 255 allows for a hybrid priority/weight and distance based service selection (e.g.: Select the highest priority instance within a range of 5 hops). If the service is a non-GRASP service, then the result of the service discovery has to be a transport locator to which the client can open a connection and talk the protocol implied by the service. This transport locator(s) have to be put into the clocator parameter. The context of the clocator would normally be "", aka: the transport locator is in the IP reachability associated with the GRASP domain (e.g.: IPv6 of the ACP for ACP GRASP domain). If an ACP service is announced via ACP GRASP, then the locator(s) can be O_IPv6_LOCATOR or O_FQDN_LOCATOR. The O_IPv6_LOCATOR is used if the service is defined to be available via some transport layer port (TCP, UDP or other). The determination of the actual transport connection to be used is the same as in DNS-SD: If the transport protocol is not TCP or UDP, it has to be implied by the specification of <service-name> or can be detailed in kvpairs which carries the same information as DNS-TXT TXT RRs of the service. Alternatively, the transport-proto field of the locator can contain any valid IP protocol directly (TBD), which is not possible in DNS-SD. Like DNS-SD, service discovery via GRASP does not require allocation and use of well-known ports for services. Unlike DNS-SD, there is no need in GRASP to define service instance names or target names. In DNS SD, PTR RRs resolve from a service name to a set of service instance named. SRV and TXT RRs resolve from service instance names to service instance parameters including the target. A target is the DNS host name of the service instance. It gets resolved via A/AAAA RRs to IPv4/IPv6 addresses of the target. In GRASP service discovery, host names are not used. Service instance names are optional too. Service instance names are useful for human diagnostics and human selection of service instances. In fully automated environments, they can be are less important. For diagnostic purposes, it is recommended to give service instances service instance names in GRASP service announcements. A locator with O_URI_LOCATOR type can be used in GRASP to indicate a URI for the transport method for a service instance. If the URI includes a host part, care must be taken to use only IP addresses in the host part if the context of the GRASP domain does not support host name resolution - such as the ACP - or to use the GRASP name resolution mechanisms described elsewhere in this document. And that the addresses indicated are also reachable in the GRASP domain. For example, in service announcements across a DULL GRASP domain, only the IPv6 link-local addresses on that subnet must be used (this applies equally when using the O_IPv6_LOCATOR). Instead of using M_FLOOD to periodically announce service instances, M_DISCOVERY can be used to actively query for service instances. The msg-type type must then be "describe-request". Because no periodic flooding is necessary, this solution is more lightweight for the network when the number of requesting clients is small. Note though that the M_DISCOVERY will terminate as soon as a provider of the objective is found, so the service instances found will be based on distance and therefore selection of instance by priority and weight will not work equally well as with M_FLOOD. Consider for example a central service instance in the NOC that should always be used (for example for centralized operational diagnostics) unless the WAN connection is broken, in which case distributed backup service instances should be used. With the current logic of M_DISCOVERY this is not possible.

Neither the GRASP SRV.* objective-name, the service name nor any other parameter explicitly indicate the second label "_tcp" or "_udp" of DNS-SD entries. DNS-SD, RFC6763 explains how this is an unnecessary, historic artifact. This version of the document does not define an equivalent to "_sub" structuring of service enumeration. This version of the document does not define mechanisms for reverse resolution of arbitrary services: An inquirer may unicast M_SYNC_REC to a node with a series of objectives with specific service names of interest and describe-request, but there is no indication of "ANY" service.

TBD: Examine limitations mentioned in "in this version of the text/document". TBD: The GRASP specification does currently only permit TCP and UDP for the transport-proto element. This draft should expand the GRASP definitions to permit any valid IP protocol. We just need to decide whether this should only apply to the locator in the srv element or also retroactive to the locator-option in GRASP messages (maybe not there ?). TBD: A fitting CBOR representation for a kvpair key without value needs to be specified so that it can be distinguished from an empty value as outlined in RFC6763 section 6.4. TBD: In this version, every service/service-instance is an element by itself. Future versions of this document may add more encoding options to allow more compact encoding of recurring fields. TBD: Is there a way in CDDL to formally define the string names of the relement-codepoint's ?

TBD. GRASP-related security issues are discussed in Section 3 of .

This document requests IANA to create a new "GRASP Objective Value Standard Elements" subregistry under the "GeneRic Autonomic Signaling Protocol (GRASP) Parameters" registry. The values in this table are names and a unique numerical value assigned to each name. Future values MUST be assigned using the RFC Required policy as dedfined in Section 4.7 of . The numerical value is simply to be assigned sequentially. The following initial values are assigned by this document: sender-loop-count 1 [defined in rfcXXXX] srv-element 2 [defined in rfcXXXX] name-element 3 [defined in rfcXXXX] This document updates the handling of the "GRASP Objective Names" Table introduced in the GRASP IANA considerations as follows: Assignments for objective-names of the form "SRV.<text>" and "NAME.<text>" are special. Assignment of "SRV.<text>" can only be requested if <text> is also a registered service-name according to RFC6335. The specification required for registration of a "GRASP Objective Name" MUST declare that the intended use of the objective name in GRASP is intended to be compatible with the indented use of the registered service name. Registration of "SRV.<text>" in the "GRASP Objective Name" table is optional, but recommended for all new service-names that are meant to be used with GRASP. Non-registration can for example happen with DNS-SD <-> GRASP gateways that inject pre-existing service-names into GRASP. Note that according to the GRASP RFC, registration is mandatory, so this exemption for "SRV.<text>" is also an update to that specification. There MUST NOT be any assignment for objective names of the form "NAME.<text>". These names are simply used by GRASP nodes without registration (just like names in mDNS).

Brian Carpenter

Rewrote overview section in response to review comments by Peter vdS and Esko (hopefully better justification/explanation). Thanks!

Reviving after ANIMA charter 01 is finished, adding new co-authors, contributors. Textual improvements, updating references.

Only refreshing, no changes since -00.