From jdrosen@jdrosen.net Thu Jun 17 19:36:41 2010 Return-Path: X-Original-To: codec@core3.amsl.com Delivered-To: codec@core3.amsl.com Received: from localhost (localhost [127.0.0.1]) by core3.amsl.com (Postfix) with ESMTP id 8211C3A685C for ; Thu, 17 Jun 2010 19:36:41 -0700 (PDT) X-Virus-Scanned: amavisd-new at amsl.com X-Spam-Flag: NO X-Spam-Score: -1.346 X-Spam-Level: X-Spam-Status: No, score=-1.346 tagged_above=-999 required=5 tests=[AWL=1.254, BAYES_00=-2.599] Received: from mail.ietf.org ([64.170.98.32]) by localhost (core3.amsl.com [127.0.0.1]) (amavisd-new, port 10024) with ESMTP id HkfB+KIHfpQX for ; Thu, 17 Jun 2010 19:36:39 -0700 (PDT) Received: from ecbiz71.inmotionhosting.com (ecbiz71.inmotionhosting.com [173.205.124.201]) by core3.amsl.com (Postfix) with ESMTP id F17F83A6784 for ; Thu, 17 Jun 2010 19:36:38 -0700 (PDT) Received: from pool-173-63-40-38.nwrknj.fios.verizon.net ([173.63.40.38] helo=[192.168.1.7]) by ecbiz71.inmotionhosting.com with esmtpsa (TLSv1:AES256-SHA:256) (Exim 4.69) (envelope-from ) id 1OPRRL-0005sm-R9 for codec@ietf.org; Thu, 17 Jun 2010 22:36:19 -0400 Message-ID: <4C1ADBBA.6030401@jdrosen.net> Date: Thu, 17 Jun 2010 22:36:42 -0400 From: Jonathan Rosenberg User-Agent: Thunderbird 2.0.0.24 (Windows/20100228) MIME-Version: 1.0 To: codec@ietf.org Content-Type: text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1; format=flowed Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit X-AntiAbuse: This header was added to track abuse, please include it with any abuse report X-AntiAbuse: Primary Hostname - ecbiz71.inmotionhosting.com X-AntiAbuse: Original Domain - ietf.org X-AntiAbuse: Originator/Caller UID/GID - [47 12] / [47 12] X-AntiAbuse: Sender Address Domain - jdrosen.net Subject: [codec] Liaison statements to 3gpp, ITU and ISO/IEC X-BeenThere: codec@ietf.org X-Mailman-Version: 2.1.9 Precedence: list List-Id: Codec WG List-Unsubscribe: , List-Archive: List-Post: List-Help: List-Subscribe: , X-List-Received-Date: Fri, 18 Jun 2010 02:36:41 -0000 Last year, the IETF received liaison statements from ITU, ISO/IEC and 3gpp about the codec working group. With the group finally formed, the chairs replied to those liaison statements last month. You can find a copy of the liaison statements, along with the responses since then, on a new wiki page I set up to track the liaisons: http://trac.tools.ietf.org/wg/codec/trac/wiki/Liaisons Thanks, Jonathan R. -- Jonathan D. Rosenberg, Ph.D. SkypeID: jdrosen Chief Technology Strategist Mobile: +1 (732) 766-2496 Skype SkypeIn: +1 (408) 465-0361 jdrosen@skype.net http://www.skype.com jdrosen@jdrosen.net http://www.jdrosen.net From fluffy@cisco.com Mon Jun 21 10:20:54 2010 Return-Path: X-Original-To: codec@core3.amsl.com Delivered-To: codec@core3.amsl.com Received: from localhost (localhost [127.0.0.1]) by core3.amsl.com (Postfix) with ESMTP id 7154228C11D for ; Mon, 21 Jun 2010 10:20:54 -0700 (PDT) X-Virus-Scanned: amavisd-new at amsl.com X-Spam-Flag: NO X-Spam-Score: -110.043 X-Spam-Level: X-Spam-Status: No, score=-110.043 tagged_above=-999 required=5 tests=[AWL=0.556, BAYES_00=-2.599, RCVD_IN_DNSWL_HI=-8, USER_IN_WHITELIST=-100] Received: from mail.ietf.org ([64.170.98.32]) by localhost (core3.amsl.com [127.0.0.1]) (amavisd-new, port 10024) with ESMTP id s-n8xrjMALEt for ; Mon, 21 Jun 2010 10:20:53 -0700 (PDT) Received: from sj-iport-5.cisco.com (sj-iport-5.cisco.com [171.68.10.87]) by core3.amsl.com (Postfix) with ESMTP id 1A40E28C11B for ; Mon, 21 Jun 2010 10:20:53 -0700 (PDT) Authentication-Results: sj-iport-5.cisco.com; dkim=neutral (message not signed) header.i=none X-IronPort-Anti-Spam-Filtered: true X-IronPort-Anti-Spam-Result: AvsEAJc8H0yrR7Hu/2dsb2JhbACfBnGpXJowhRsEg1Q X-IronPort-AV: E=Sophos;i="4.53,454,1272844800"; d="scan'208";a="215498731" Received: from sj-core-5.cisco.com ([171.71.177.238]) by sj-iport-5.cisco.com with ESMTP; 21 Jun 2010 17:21:00 +0000 Received: from [192.168.4.177] (rcdn-fluffy-8711.cisco.com [10.99.9.18]) by sj-core-5.cisco.com (8.13.8/8.14.3) with ESMTP id o5LHKxra006269; Mon, 21 Jun 2010 17:20:59 GMT Mime-Version: 1.0 (Apple Message framework v1078) Content-Type: text/plain; charset=us-ascii Impp: xmpp:cullenfluffyjennings@jabber.org From: Cullen Jennings In-Reply-To: <002501cafdb4$09394810$1babd830$@de> Date: Mon, 21 Jun 2010 11:20:58 -0600 Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable Message-Id: <56E363F9-AB88-43A3-8ECC-99A7E9796330@cisco.com> References: <062.7439ee5d5fd36480e73548f37cb10207@tools.ietf.org> <3E1D8AD1-B28F-41C5-81C6-478A15432224@csperkins.org> <000001cae173$dba012f0$92e038d0$@de> <001101cae177$e8aa6780$b9ff3680$@de> <002d01cae188$a330b2c0$e9921840$@de> <4BD11C50.2020206@usherbrooke.ca> <12151537-165D-426A-B71F-8B3D76BE4854@cisco.com> <20100430230756.13687lc1s5o89gsc@mail.skype.net> <"CB68DF4! ! CFBEF49428 8C74B9043D 30 B"@IRVEXCHCCR01.corp.ad.broadcom.com> <909E12B9-984F-4051-A93E-2291EFE0A40E@cisco.com> <20100526151326.2882694zuaeslk3q@mail.skype.net> <20100526214255.206532jzf8wjld1r@mail.skype.net> <002901cafd89$acf402e0$06dc08a0$@de> <19367DD02EBD40829869907AEA0CE128@china.huawei.com> <000601cafd9b$148fd850$3daf88f0$@de> <568A92CB079CCF43BA5C8D7B08BCB4AE817DCBA900@SJEXCHCCR02.corp.ad.broadcom.com> <002501cafdb4$09394810$1babd830$@de> To: Christian Hoene X-Mailer: Apple Mail (2.1078) Cc: codec@ietf.org Subject: Re: [codec] #16: Multicast? X-BeenThere: codec@ietf.org X-Mailman-Version: 2.1.9 Precedence: list List-Id: Codec WG List-Unsubscribe: , List-Archive: List-Post: List-Help: List-Subscribe: , X-List-Received-Date: Mon, 21 Jun 2010 17:20:54 -0000 On May 27, 2010, at 9:48 AM, Christian Hoene wrote: > So, we have consensus on=20 > 1) low delay mode > 2) low complexity mode (whatever this means) > 3) technical understanding on how latency sums up on different = platforms =46rom a Chair point of view, I don't think the Chairs could summarize = or call consensus on these three - however, I'm not sure that matters. = If you think a key piece of consensus has come out of this conversation = and that it needs to captured in the archive, can you summarize what you = think it is folks agree with and then the chairs can make some sort of = consensus call. Thanks, Cullen =20= From trac@tools.ietf.org Thu Jun 24 08:14:19 2010 Return-Path: X-Original-To: codec@core3.amsl.com Delivered-To: codec@core3.amsl.com Received: from localhost (localhost [127.0.0.1]) by core3.amsl.com (Postfix) with ESMTP id E8B633A695A for ; Thu, 24 Jun 2010 08:14:19 -0700 (PDT) X-Virus-Scanned: amavisd-new at amsl.com X-Spam-Flag: NO X-Spam-Score: -101.162 X-Spam-Level: X-Spam-Status: No, score=-101.162 tagged_above=-999 required=5 tests=[AWL=-1.162, BAYES_50=0.001, NO_RELAYS=-0.001, USER_IN_WHITELIST=-100] Received: from mail.ietf.org ([64.170.98.32]) by localhost (core3.amsl.com [127.0.0.1]) (amavisd-new, port 10024) with ESMTP id Bx5eYX9XiNAo for ; Thu, 24 Jun 2010 08:14:17 -0700 (PDT) Received: from zinfandel.tools.ietf.org (unknown [IPv6:2001:1890:1112:1::2a]) by core3.amsl.com (Postfix) with ESMTP id 693723A67F5 for ; Thu, 24 Jun 2010 08:14:17 -0700 (PDT) Received: from localhost ([::1] helo=zinfandel.tools.ietf.org) by zinfandel.tools.ietf.org with esmtp (Exim 4.72) (envelope-from ) id 1ORo8G-0003Wn-1B; Thu, 24 Jun 2010 08:14:24 -0700 MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset="utf-8" Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit From: "codec issue tracker" X-Trac-Version: 0.11.7 Precedence: bulk Auto-Submitted: auto-generated X-Mailer: Trac 0.11.7, by Edgewall Software To: hoene@uni-tuebingen.de X-Trac-Project: codec Date: Thu, 24 Jun 2010 15:14:23 -0000 X-URL: http://tools.ietf.org/codec/ X-Trac-Ticket-URL: https://wiki.tools.ietf.org/wg/codec/trac/ticket/14#comment:3 Message-ID: <071.d5a56e8e096e87a8ce25e5a26cfb89e1@tools.ietf.org> References: <062.0a0a8ad9a1d9d19f0f66b4858f523549@tools.ietf.org> X-Trac-Ticket-ID: 14 In-Reply-To: <062.0a0a8ad9a1d9d19f0f66b4858f523549@tools.ietf.org> X-SA-Exim-Connect-IP: ::1 X-SA-Exim-Rcpt-To: hoene@uni-tuebingen.de, codec@ietf.org X-SA-Exim-Mail-From: trac@tools.ietf.org X-SA-Exim-Scanned: No (on zinfandel.tools.ietf.org); SAEximRunCond expanded to false Cc: codec@ietf.org Subject: Re: [codec] #14: VAD and CNG? X-BeenThere: codec@ietf.org X-Mailman-Version: 2.1.9 Reply-To: codec@ietf.org List-Id: Codec WG List-Unsubscribe: , List-Archive: List-Post: List-Help: List-Subscribe: , X-List-Received-Date: Thu, 24 Jun 2010 15:14:20 -0000 #14: VAD and CNG? ------------------------------------+--------------------------------------- Reporter: hoene@… | Owner: Type: defect | Status: new Priority: major | Milestone: Component: requirements | Version: Severity: - | Keywords: ------------------------------------+--------------------------------------- Comment(by hoene@…): [Brian]: I hope we are assuming VAD (or DTX) is negotiable. It is essential (for emergency calls) that VAD is disabled. While in many cases the endpoint will know that it is in an emergency call, and disable VAD, it is not always possible to know. ... When you make an emergency call, background is a very important source of information. For example, if the call taker hears someone threaten the caller, that will inform the response. Often the caller is in distress, and may put the phone down, or speak faintly. There are no laws or regulations governing this, but it really is 'best practice'. ... When you make an emergency call, background is a very important source of information. For example, if the call taker hears someone threaten the caller, that will inform the response. Often the caller is in distress, and may put the phone down, or speak faintly. VAD will "zero out" the background sounds. [Hoene] I would say: This is a task of the phone to amplify the signal during an emergency call. Of course, the phone knows that a emergency has been called and that any vague signal can be of importance. It should then switch over to a emergency mode (disabling background-noise removals, changed automatic gain control, etc). This requirement needs not be covered by signaling nor codec. The phone can take care of it much better. [Mike]: I agree that VAD (or DTX) needs to be negotiable. Not to mention any possibility of chopping off a portion of a syllable here or there... [Ben]: Me too. Specifically, I think that DTX should always be allowed within any stream. The decoder always MUST correctly decode a stream with or without DTX, and the encoder SHOULD obey the decoder's preference for or against DTX, as expressed in SDP, unless there is a reason not to obey this preference. Decoders MAY express no preference. In particular, decoders must handle adaptive jitter buffering properly with or without DTX. Examples: An encoder operating with push-to-talk hardware (microphone active only when a button is depressed) should always use DTX, regardless of decoder preference. A decoder that cares about average bandwidth should probably request DTX enabled, whereas a decoder that cares only about peak bandwidth should request DTX disabled. A decoder that cares about non-voice background sounds should request DTX disabled. [Hoene]: I do not like the idea that a user should decide on parameters that he does not understand. Can't we develop some intelligent, automatic decision on when to use DTX? For example, switch VAD on if a) if bandwidth is limited (dynamically controlled) b) if transmission energy needs to be saved on mobile devices (controlled/negotiated for both sender and receiver) c) if a lot of background noise is present (sender initiated, no negotiation required) d) if the background noise is important (sender initiated, e.g. emergency call, but then again, the sender can amplify the background noise instead) Shall the controlling/negotiation take place in-band or using SDP? [Brian]: I'll be happy to go into the details, but phones may not know they are in an emergency call. No phone knows this today. There is some proposed signaling that would tell them, IF the phone, and the service provider implement it, but even then, there are circumstances where the phone won't know. [Ben]: I think it's a good idea for the reference implementation to provide some intelligent heuristics for use of DTX, but these heuristics should not be a requirement of any RFC. [Hoene]: If(called.number==112 || called.number==911 || called.number=XYZ) EmergencyCall(); See more at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1-1-2 It is so easy to know... I do not get your arguments. ... > We don't need to worry about the user interface, because in most cases there won't be one. Actually, I meant two kind of users: Those of the phone and those of the codec. ... Yes, you are true. But we must be precise. The requirement for some heuristics on how to set those parameters MUST be part of the requirements document. However, the heuristics NEED NOT to be implemented in every phone but the implementer CAN choose any superior algorithm to optimize particular application needs. Thus, a heuristic on how to select DTX should only ensure some minimal system quality. [Brian] Okay, you asked for it :) In any country, the codes used in another country for emergency numbers are used as service invocations for other services. You have to know what country you are in to know what emergency numbers are. It is roughly impossible (today) to know that with sufficient reliability. You can place an emergency call to an e.164 in many countries. This may depend on which service. The emergency call center (PSAP) can call you back. A call placed to a call center can be transferred or upgraded to an emergency call. This happens with relay centers used by disabled individuals. In all of these circumstances, VAD must be disabled. Emergency calling systems are filled with a lot of complexity that handle seldom occurring circumstances. However, when it comes to saving lives, seldom occurring circumstances are important. Brian ps - I have been working in this field for a number of years. You can learn a bit more about emergency calling from draft-ietf-ecrit-framework. The inability to turn off VAD in VoIP systems believed to have caused actual harm according to some of my associates who work in PSAPs. [Cullen] I think that the bulk of the people that work on emergency calls in the ECRIT WG and much of the IESG are going to be very strong supporters of exactly what Brian is saying here. The implications aren't a big deal for the CODEC WG, just that you need to be able to use SDP to signal no VAD. No one thinks an end user is going to go and change the configuration in their phone before making an emergency call. -- Ticket URL: codec From trac@tools.ietf.org Thu Jun 24 08:18:14 2010 Return-Path: X-Original-To: codec@core3.amsl.com Delivered-To: codec@core3.amsl.com Received: from localhost (localhost [127.0.0.1]) by core3.amsl.com (Postfix) with ESMTP id D04E83A6951 for ; Thu, 24 Jun 2010 08:18:14 -0700 (PDT) X-Virus-Scanned: amavisd-new at amsl.com X-Spam-Flag: NO X-Spam-Score: -100.858 X-Spam-Level: X-Spam-Status: No, score=-100.858 tagged_above=-999 required=5 tests=[AWL=-1.458, BAYES_50=0.001, J_CHICKENPOX_55=0.6, NO_RELAYS=-0.001, USER_IN_WHITELIST=-100] Received: from mail.ietf.org ([64.170.98.32]) by localhost (core3.amsl.com [127.0.0.1]) (amavisd-new, port 10024) with ESMTP id W0CMTZjdGXsW for ; Thu, 24 Jun 2010 08:18:13 -0700 (PDT) Received: from zinfandel.tools.ietf.org (unknown [IPv6:2001:1890:1112:1::2a]) by core3.amsl.com (Postfix) with ESMTP id B34F83A6802 for ; Thu, 24 Jun 2010 08:18:13 -0700 (PDT) Received: from localhost ([::1] helo=zinfandel.tools.ietf.org) by zinfandel.tools.ietf.org with esmtp (Exim 4.72) (envelope-from ) id 1ORoC6-00053Z-D8; Thu, 24 Jun 2010 08:18:22 -0700 MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset="utf-8" Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit From: "codec issue tracker" X-Trac-Version: 0.11.7 Precedence: bulk Auto-Submitted: auto-generated X-Mailer: Trac 0.11.7, by Edgewall Software To: hoene@uni-tuebingen.de X-Trac-Project: codec Date: Thu, 24 Jun 2010 15:18:22 -0000 X-URL: http://tools.ietf.org/codec/ X-Trac-Ticket-URL: https://wiki.tools.ietf.org/wg/codec/trac/ticket/34 Message-ID: <062.8337dddc40b2c9c88b04caa75d6825e7@tools.ietf.org> X-Trac-Ticket-ID: 34 X-SA-Exim-Connect-IP: ::1 X-SA-Exim-Rcpt-To: hoene@uni-tuebingen.de, codec@ietf.org X-SA-Exim-Mail-From: trac@tools.ietf.org X-SA-Exim-Scanned: No (on zinfandel.tools.ietf.org); SAEximRunCond expanded to false Cc: codec@ietf.org Subject: [codec] #34: Speech Quality Aspects in emergency calls X-BeenThere: codec@ietf.org X-Mailman-Version: 2.1.9 Reply-To: codec@ietf.org List-Id: Codec WG List-Unsubscribe: , List-Archive: List-Post: List-Help: List-Subscribe: , X-List-Received-Date: Thu, 24 Jun 2010 15:18:15 -0000 #34: Speech Quality Aspects in emergency calls ------------------------------------+--------------------------------------- Reporter: hoene@… | Owner: Type: defect | Status: new Priority: minor | Milestone: Component: requirements | Version: Severity: - | Keywords: ------------------------------------+--------------------------------------- [Hoene]: At this point of time it is not clear to me what the service requirements of an emergency call are going to be. Which speech/audio quality requirements do the emergency agencies have? Brian is suggesting a technical solution to become a requirement. But, don't we have to listen to the users, first? Only then, we can develop a technical solutions that might affect our work in the Codec WG. > The implications aren't a >big deal for the CODEC WG, just that you need to be able to use SDP to signal no VAD. Are you sure that this is the only requirement? I think that there are other important things in case of emergency calls. Do they need audio quality? Do they need ultra-low-delay or is any transmission delay fine? What shall happen, if the transmission quality is bad? Push-to-talk? > No one thinks an >end user is going to go and change the configuration in their phone before making an emergency call. No, he does know VAD and he does not care about. Some part of the system must take care of. However, the user does know that he wants to make a emergency call and the phone might have a button called "emergency call". [Brian]: Generally, high fidelity is a good thing for emergency calls. This has to be balanced against how many codecs each PSAP implements, but at least in the evolving North American standards, which are currently believed to be the most advanced, it is recommended that PSAPs implement one or two wideband codecs. Graceful fallback in cases of congestion would be nice, but not a hard requirement. Delay below 150ms is unlikely to be of much use. Sometimes, an emergency call can have audio+video and the delays must match (lip sync). Frame time really doesn't matter much independent of its effect on delay. I personally think delay over 150ms is not acceptable, but we've had this discussion and there are some who persist in believing you can get good quality with 250 ms. In an emergency call, stress is a big factor, and social skills are not nuanced. This means turn taking is an issue, and anything that gets in the way of an interruption is bad. All of my testing indicates that turn taking, especially argument, is impaired above around 150 ms. All of the above doesn't really rise to hard requirements other than the soft requirement that delay doesn't impair turn taking. The ability to disable VAD is a hard requirement. I believe that is it with respect to codec. See ietf-ecrit-phonebcp for the actual requirements. [Gregor Jänin]: I have to come back on a comment chistian made : What about Push-to-talk?? I have found out that in Europe and Australia they are looking into "eurocae wg67", als solution to transfer PTT! It is already used in fight safety control and some of the PSAP equipment vendors doing both , flight and public safety! What is your position on that, we gonna neet it! Especial when we talk about autority to autority, or even just nextel.. [Brian]: PTT is not currently a requirement for citizen to authority. It is a requirement for authority to authority. It is not a requirement for authority to citizen. I don’t think PTT has any effect on codec. ... We do support text (and video) with ecrit standards. Of particular interest is the “real time text” codec work, but just using SIP MESSAGE works. There is also some work on sending ‘data only’, i.e. sensor alerts using the same mechanisms. It has occurred to me that while in the normal case, we do want to disable VAD, it does help when the network is highly congested. Since what I asked for was that it should be negotiable, the PSAP could control when it was or wasn’t used. The problem with PTT in general is that the emergency service isn’t in a “talk group”, and what you would be establishing is an on the fly two party talk group which has to be routed using the same mechanisms as the emergency calls are routed. That’s not impossible, but it is unusual. -- Ticket URL: codec From trac@tools.ietf.org Thu Jun 24 08:22:26 2010 Return-Path: X-Original-To: codec@core3.amsl.com Delivered-To: codec@core3.amsl.com Received: from localhost (localhost [127.0.0.1]) by core3.amsl.com (Postfix) with ESMTP id 7B9F53A695A for ; Thu, 24 Jun 2010 08:22:25 -0700 (PDT) X-Virus-Scanned: amavisd-new at amsl.com X-Spam-Flag: NO X-Spam-Score: -102.452 X-Spam-Level: X-Spam-Status: No, score=-102.452 tagged_above=-999 required=5 tests=[AWL=0.148, BAYES_00=-2.599, NO_RELAYS=-0.001, USER_IN_WHITELIST=-100] Received: from mail.ietf.org ([64.170.98.32]) by localhost (core3.amsl.com [127.0.0.1]) (amavisd-new, port 10024) with ESMTP id P-ld27VBjMtm for ; Thu, 24 Jun 2010 08:22:14 -0700 (PDT) Received: from zinfandel.tools.ietf.org (unknown [IPv6:2001:1890:1112:1::2a]) by core3.amsl.com (Postfix) with ESMTP id B5BC23A6802 for ; Thu, 24 Jun 2010 08:22:13 -0700 (PDT) Received: from localhost ([::1] helo=zinfandel.tools.ietf.org) by zinfandel.tools.ietf.org with esmtp (Exim 4.72) (envelope-from ) id 1ORoFy-0004Vj-3m; Thu, 24 Jun 2010 08:22:22 -0700 MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset="utf-8" Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit From: "codec issue tracker" X-Trac-Version: 0.11.7 Precedence: bulk Auto-Submitted: auto-generated X-Mailer: Trac 0.11.7, by Edgewall Software To: hoene@uni-tuebingen.de X-Trac-Project: codec Date: Thu, 24 Jun 2010 15:22:22 -0000 X-URL: http://tools.ietf.org/codec/ X-Trac-Ticket-URL: https://svn.tools.ietf.org/wg/codec/trac/ticket/15#comment:3 Message-ID: <071.1639dcee28ca917be64af031a9395250@tools.ietf.org> References: <062.bc75a3b3c4a980df34535f87c9484935@tools.ietf.org> X-Trac-Ticket-ID: 15 In-Reply-To: <062.bc75a3b3c4a980df34535f87c9484935@tools.ietf.org> X-SA-Exim-Connect-IP: ::1 X-SA-Exim-Rcpt-To: hoene@uni-tuebingen.de, codec@ietf.org X-SA-Exim-Mail-From: trac@tools.ietf.org X-SA-Exim-Scanned: No (on zinfandel.tools.ietf.org); SAEximRunCond expanded to false Cc: codec@ietf.org Subject: Re: [codec] #15: Efficiently combine pre-encoded audio X-BeenThere: codec@ietf.org X-Mailman-Version: 2.1.9 Reply-To: codec@ietf.org List-Id: Codec WG List-Unsubscribe: , List-Archive: List-Post: List-Help: List-Subscribe: , X-List-Received-Date: Thu, 24 Jun 2010 15:22:26 -0000 #15: Efficiently combine pre-encoded audio ------------------------------------+--------------------------------------- Reporter: hoene@… | Owner: Type: enhancement | Status: new Priority: minor | Milestone: Component: requirements | Version: Severity: Active WG Document | Keywords: ------------------------------------+--------------------------------------- Comment(by hoene@…): [Roman Shpount]: I would like to remind that this issue is not about efficient VAD, but about efficiently combining pre-encoded streams. There are two use cases that I can think of: a. Conference servers, where the active speaker was determined by either receiver or decoder side VAD. As it was mentioned before, it is possible to implement an efficient decoder side VAD without implementing a complete decoder. If we can combine pre-encoded audio we can combine multiple streams on the conference server without going through decoder/encoder cycle greatly decreasing both CPU requirements and mixer delay. b. Announcement and IVR servers, where a small set of pre-encoded announcements are played to the user. Standard network or IVR announcements can be encoded once and efficiently inserted or combined into audio stream. If pre-encoded audio is supported and the client supports AVT tones, it is trivial to develop a very efficient IVR server which does not require any CODEC encoding or decoding. -- Ticket URL: codec From trac@tools.ietf.org Thu Jun 24 08:31:11 2010 Return-Path: X-Original-To: codec@core3.amsl.com Delivered-To: codec@core3.amsl.com Received: from localhost (localhost [127.0.0.1]) by core3.amsl.com (Postfix) with ESMTP id 87E153A680D for ; Thu, 24 Jun 2010 08:31:11 -0700 (PDT) X-Virus-Scanned: amavisd-new at amsl.com X-Spam-Flag: NO X-Spam-Score: -101.153 X-Spam-Level: X-Spam-Status: No, score=-101.153 tagged_above=-999 required=5 tests=[AWL=-1.153, BAYES_50=0.001, NO_RELAYS=-0.001, USER_IN_WHITELIST=-100] Received: from mail.ietf.org ([64.170.98.32]) by localhost (core3.amsl.com [127.0.0.1]) (amavisd-new, port 10024) with ESMTP id pr8KxjFc0+Zz for ; Thu, 24 Jun 2010 08:30:44 -0700 (PDT) Received: from zinfandel.tools.ietf.org (unknown [IPv6:2001:1890:1112:1::2a]) by core3.amsl.com (Postfix) with ESMTP id 7FC8928C0DC for ; Thu, 24 Jun 2010 08:30:40 -0700 (PDT) Received: from localhost ([::1] helo=zinfandel.tools.ietf.org) by zinfandel.tools.ietf.org with esmtp (Exim 4.72) (envelope-from ) id 1ORoO9-0000sO-7D; Thu, 24 Jun 2010 08:30:49 -0700 MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset="utf-8" Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit From: "codec issue tracker" X-Trac-Version: 0.11.7 Precedence: bulk Auto-Submitted: auto-generated X-Mailer: Trac 0.11.7, by Edgewall Software To: hoene@uni-tuebingen.de X-Trac-Project: codec Date: Thu, 24 Jun 2010 15:30:49 -0000 X-URL: http://tools.ietf.org/codec/ X-Trac-Ticket-URL: http://trac.tools.ietf.org/wg/codec/trac/ticket/19#comment:5 Message-ID: <071.69c574ff48426175f73948ea16470629@tools.ietf.org> References: <062.f8b0d2abf056a9655a81ee25366bb354@tools.ietf.org> X-Trac-Ticket-ID: 19 In-Reply-To: <062.f8b0d2abf056a9655a81ee25366bb354@tools.ietf.org> X-SA-Exim-Connect-IP: ::1 X-SA-Exim-Rcpt-To: hoene@uni-tuebingen.de, codec@ietf.org X-SA-Exim-Mail-From: trac@tools.ietf.org X-SA-Exim-Scanned: No (on zinfandel.tools.ietf.org); SAEximRunCond expanded to false Cc: codec@ietf.org Subject: Re: [codec] #19: How large is the frame size depended delay / the serialization delay / frame size depended processing delay? X-BeenThere: codec@ietf.org X-Mailman-Version: 2.1.9 Reply-To: codec@ietf.org List-Id: Codec WG List-Unsubscribe: , List-Archive: List-Post: List-Help: List-Subscribe: , X-List-Received-Date: Thu, 24 Jun 2010 15:31:48 -0000 #19: How large is the frame size depended delay / the serialization delay / frame size depended processing delay? ------------------------------------+--------------------------------------- Reporter: hoene@… | Owner: Type: enhancement | Status: new Priority: minor | Milestone: Component: requirements | Version: Severity: - | Keywords: ------------------------------------+--------------------------------------- Comment(by hoene@…): [Raymond]: Thank you [Cullen] for sharing the details of your delay measurements on Cisco 7960 IP phones. What you observed does NOT conflict with what I have been saying. The reason is that the 20 ms and 30 ms you quoted are the "packet sizes", not the "codec frame sizes". Codec frame size and packet size have different impacts on one-way delay. The G.711 codec that you used is a sample-by- sample codec. Theoretically its "codec frame size" is only one sample, or 0.125 ms, so the (3 x 30 ms - 3 x 20 ms) formula is not the right target for comparison. Furthermore, many telephones have G.711 encoder and decoder directly built into the chip hardware of A/D and D/A, so they can directly digitize the input audio signal into 8-bit G.711 codewords and directly playback 8-bit G.711 codewords as the output audio signal; thus, there is essentially no processing delay for G.711. Even if the G.711 encoding/decoding is done in software or firmware, the G.711 codec complexity is so low that it takes almost no time to do G.711 processing. The almost-zero processing delay can contribute to the extra low delay of G.711-based VoIP systems. There have been so many discussions about how the codec frame size and packet size may affect the one-way delay, there has been confusion, and there have been criticism that there wasn't any rigorous theoretical analysis, so I thought I would spend some time to give a more rigorous delay analysis below so we can hopefully settle such disputes. At the end of my analysis, you will see how the lower bound and upper bound of the one-way delay depend on the codec frame size AND the packet size under various conditions. Please read on if you are interested; ignore if you are not; or you can quickly scroll down to Equations (1) through (3), which are the main results of my delay analysis, and read the last few paragraphs after Eq. (3). Before I did the following delay analysis, I consulted extensively with three Broadcom senior technical leads who have many years of extensive real-time system architecture and design experiences in IP phones, VoIP gateways, and video systems (such as cable/satellite set-top boxes), respectively. What they told me were consistent with each other and consistent with what I have been saying. Before I start the analysis, let me first discuss the multi-tasking, or Real- Time Scheduling (RTS) delay, because it is a critical component of the total one-way delay and needs to be clarified first. In real-time audio or video systems, many tasks have definite completion deadlines beyond which the real-time operation will be lost and there will be audible or visible glitches. One way to handle a real-time task is by interrupting the processor in the hope that the processor will put down whatever it is doing and service the interrupt first. If there is only one real-time task and all other tasks in the system do not have real-time requirements, then the interrupt will be serviced immediately and there is no RTS delay. However, this is rarely the case, since the system typically also has other real-time tasks. (For example, an IP phone needs to handle the encoding of the send-path signal, decoding of the receive- path signal, echo canceller, side-tone, and other real-time tasks at the same time.) Then, the interrupts generated by different real-time tasks need to be prioritized. There can be only one highest-priority task. Any of the other tasks will have a lower priority and need to wait for its turn if it tries to interrupt a higher-priority task. That wait time, plus the time it takes the processor to complete the task, is the RTS delay of that task. The entire audio or video stream will need to be buffered and delayed by at least the worst-case wait time in order to have a smooth playback without any gaps or glitch. If there are a large number of real-time tasks in the system, then a prioritized interrupt-driven RTS system will become very complex and messy, and the associated context switching for all the interrupts will reduce the system efficiency. Therefore, in IP phones, VoIP gateways, and cable/satellite set-top boxes, usually a different kind of real-time scheduling scheme is used, where each real-time task is allowed to run to completion, but to simplify RT scheduling, all real-time tasks are requested in a periodic manner, or with similar assumptions such as a minimum interval. In many of these designs, all real time tasks on any one processor have the same period (or "thread interval") for maximum real time efficiency. In the case of real-time voice communication systems, the most convenient and common thread interval is the codec frame size. Thus, the codec frame size determines how much RTS delay the system has. I have consulted my Broadcom colleague Sandy MacInnis, a senior architect who specializes in video and system design, and who is knowledgeable about real time scheduling. He was the chair of the MPEG Systems committee for MPEG-1 and MPEG-2 (i.e. MPEG Transport, MPEG Programs streams, and MPEG-1 Systems). I will quote him below: "For most efficient scheduling, all tasks should have the same period, and in the general case, each task may be served any time from immediately after the request to the last instant before the next request. So, for such efficient, general and robust systems, the RTS (real time scheduling) latency is up to one request period, which in this case is a frame duration. When the request is serviced earlier, the data has to be buffered up because the end-end delay needs to be constant. While someone might say that they think an RTS scheme can service requests with consistently less latency than a frame time, I would challenge them for a theoretical basis that shows they can do so reliably. What happens when all the requests happen at the same time? That can certainly happen, in general. ... An extremely standard basic assumption of RTS, and in particular Rate Monotonic Scheduling (RMS), is that for each task, the deadline equals the period. That means that from the time a requester makes a request, the RTS system needs to ensure that the request is completely serviced (finished, not just started) before the period from that request to the next request expires. Other assumptions are possible, but longer deadlines don't usually help much and they make the system more complex, and shorter deadlines make scheduling harder. If there is a set of tasks with exactly the same period, i.e. synchronous, then it's possible to schedule the shared resource to 100% of capacity while ensuring RT performance. However, in the more typical case, the various tasks do not have the same period, in which case in general the maximum utilization of the shared resource that can be scheduled for real time tasks is significantly less than 100%. Whether the system is real-time schedulable or not can be determined in various ways, including critical instant analysis. In either case, in general the latency of any given request can be anywhere from zero plus processing time, to exactly the period = deadline." For a PC with a very powerful processor and a very light real-time load, it may be reasonable to expect the processor to perform the encoding and decoding tasks very shortly after they are requested, with the requests being driven by interrupts, and the processing time of each task may be very short relative to the interval between requests. The resulting RTS delay may be as low as a few percent of the frame interval. This is possible because a typical PC has much higher processing power than is required by a speech coder. The same is not true for VoIP gateways or IP phones, where the processor is heavily loaded with real-time tasks and is often just barely fast enough to handle the designated number of voice channels (many for gateways and one for IP phones). For example, rather than having a 2 to 3 GHz processor as in a PC, the processor used to do speech coding in a low- end IP phone may only have a clock rate of slightly more than 100 MHz. In this case, it is reasonable to expect that the time required to service each request, including processing time, may be as much as the full frame interval. OK, now that the RTS delay has been discussed, let me proceed with my delay analysis. I will break down the delay into many components, with each component occurring after the components listed earlier. Let the codec frame size be F ms and the packet size be P ms. Let each packet contain N codec frames, so P = N*F. For simplicity, we will not consider the codec look- ahead L ms and codec filtering delay R ms in this analysis and will just add them at the end because we know their multiplier is 1X. The one-way mouth-to-ear delay includes the following codec-dependent delay components: (1) Encoder buffering delay: d1 = a1*F, where a1 = 1. This is the time it takes to buffer all input samples of a codec frame. (2) Encoder RTS delay: d2 = a2*F, where 0 < a2 <= 1. This includes the encoder processing delay; see the discussion above. (3) Packetization delay: d3 = a3*F, where a3 = (N-1). This is the amount of time the first frame in the packet need to wait until the last frame of encoded bits in the packet is ready. (4) Packet transmission delay: d4 = a4*F, where 0 < a4 <= N. This is the time it takes to ship all bits in the packets out of the transmitter; this can also be considered the decoder bit buffering delay, since it is the time the decoder needs to wait to get all bits in the packet. If the speed of the communication channel is very high, then d4 can be a very small fraction of the packet size P = N*F ms, but it will not be zero. If the channel speed is exactly the same as the bit-rate of the packet (including the packet header), then d4 = P = N*F ms. Even for the case of high-speed channel, if we view the bit transmission task as a real-time scheduling problem for the micro-controller (which may run at a different thread rate than the DSP), then the scheduling wait time plus the processing time (i.e. the time to actually transmit bits) may still take up to one thread interval, which is P = N*F ms in this case. (5) Decoder RTS delay: d5 = a5*F, where 0 < a5 <= 1. This includes the decoder processing delay; see the discussion above. There may be other delay components that may depend on the codec frame size. For example, in gateways where a few layers of processors are used, each processor may have its own real-time scheduling delays for all tasks that it handles. However, at least the delay components listed above are the major ones that are commonly encountered. If we omit the other possible codec- dependent components for the moment but add back the codec look- ahead L and codec filtering delay R (if any), the total codec-dependent one-way delay is then D = d1 + d2 +... + d5 + L + R = {1 + (0,1] + (N-1) + (0,N] + (0,1]}*F + L + R Hence, the one-way delay D has a possible range of N*F + L + R < D <= (2*N + 2)*F + L + R, or P + L + R < D <= 2*P + 2*F + L + R Eq. (1) For heavily loaded real-time systems such as VoIP gateways or IP phones, if we assume the worst case of one full frame of encoder RTS delay and decoder RTS delay, then a2 = 1 and a5 = 1, and we get a tighter range for the one-way delay: P + 2*F + L + R < D <= 2*P + 2*F + L + R Eq. (2) In the special case of N = 1 (each packet contains only one codec frame), then we get 3*F + L + R < D <= 4*F + L + R Eq. (3) The delay lower bounds in Eq. (1) through Eq. (3) above (under their individual assumptions) are consistent with what I have been saying. If the other omitted codec-dependent delay components are significant, or if the system implementers have not been careful about minimizing the delay, then the delay upper bounds can be even higher than what are shown in Eq. (1) through Eq. (3). In your Cisco 7960 IP phone delay measurements, P = 20 ms or 30 ms, L = 0, R = 0, and theoretically F = 0.125 ms. If you look at Eq. (2) above, then it is clear that you won't see 3 times the packet size difference as the delay difference. However, here the codec frame size is 0.125 ms, not 20 or 30 ms, so this result doesn't conflict with what I have been saying (i.e. 3X codec frame size). Of course, in reality it is unlikely that an IP phone will use 0.125 ms as the thread interval. A more likely thread interval is P. Then, my delay analysis above does not apply directly. However, it is not difficult to follow the same logic and procedure to see what will happen in this case. If G.711 encoding and decoding is built right into the A/D and D/A, then the 8- bit G.711 codewords directly arrives at the input buffer or leave the output buffer and the RTS system does not need to schedule G.711 encoding and decoding tasks, so d2 = d5 = 0. Also, in this case d1 = P, d3 = 0, and 0 < d4 <= P. Thus, the total one-way delay is P < D <= 2*P. Even if the G.711 encoding and decoding operations are done in software/firmware, the G.711 complexity is so low that it takes the processor almost no time to do encoding and decoding. In this case, the IP phone is closer to the case of a PC that has much more processing power than is required for speech coding, and if the Cisco engineers did a good job of optimizing RTS to minimize d2 and d5, then d2 and d5 would be closer to 0 than to P. Then, the total one-way codec-dependent delay would be closer to P than to 3*P. This is probably what you have observed. [Koen]: Thanks for the detailed explanation, this clarifies your earlier statements about the 3x multiplier. The essence, if I understand you correctly, is that there still exist low- end platforms with barely enough processing power to run a VoIP call. If such platforms use a naive FIFO scheduler, they'll create up to one frame of processing delay for encoder and decoder each, on top of the frame of buffering delay. The good news is that Moore's law will continue to drive down the fraction of platforms with such processing delay problems. I'm a bit surprised by your analysis of "packet transmission delay", as it has little bearing on our multiplier (ie the change in delay as a function of frame size). See old posts. [Raymond]: It doesn't have to be low-end platforms. I wouldn't consider high-density VoIP gateways "low-end". What matters is whether the processor is heavily loaded (i.e. busy at a high percentage of time) with real-time tasks (and thus is just fast enough). I think this is true for typical implementations of IP phones and VoIP gateways. I also wouldn't use the term "a naïve FIFO scheduler" to describe the "run to completion" real-time scheduler that I talked about in my last email, because that term seems to imply that it is a very simple-minded and inferior approach used by an inexperienced person who doesn't know anything better. My understanding from talking to the three senior technical leads of Broadcom is that the reality is when you have many real-time tasks that you need to handle concurrently, using a prioritized interrupt-driven scheduler is just way too complex and messy, and it doesn't even guarantee that you will get a lower delay if you do go through the trouble. In contrast, the kind of "run to completion" real- time scheduler that I talked about is a more elegant solution as it simplifies the scheduling problem substantially and also allows you to have more efficient utilization of the processor. Other than these two points, your understanding of my main point is correct. > The good news is that Moore's law will continue to drive down the > fraction of platforms with such processing delay problems. [Raymond]: This may be true for PC but probably not true in general. PC is a general-purpose computing device that has to handle numerous possible tasks, and a voice phone call takes only a very small fraction of the worst-case computational power requirement of a PC. In contrast, for special-purpose dedicated hardware devices such as IP phones or VoIP gateways, it would make no sense to use a processor that is many times faster than the worst-case computational power requirement. For the sake of cost and power efficiency, the designers of such special- purpose devices will want to use a processor that's just slightly faster than required, because then they can use the cheapest and/or lowest power- consuming processor that's fast enough to get the job done. If they choose to use a processor much faster than is required, then competitors using processors just fast enough can have lower costs and power consumption and can take market share away from them. A case in point: after its first appearance several decades ago, 8-bit microprocessors are still widely used in many devices today despite the several orders of magnitude of speed improvement provided by Moore's Law, because those devices just don't need anything faster, so using anything faster would be a waste of money and power consumption. My point is that we should not expect that future IP phones or gateways will operate at a very low percentage point of the processor load just because Moore's Law can improve processor speed over time. Therefore, don't expect the 3X multiplier for codec frame size to go down much below where they are now. In fact, if in addition to a VoIP call, a PC is heavily loaded with a lot of other concurrent tasks, many of which may be real-time tasks (e.g. video, playing/burning CD/DVD, networking, etc.), then it will be difficult for the PC to have small encoding and decoding RTS delays (d2 and d5 in my delay analysis). In this case, the codec frame size multiplier will be closer to 3X than to 1X, unless you are willing to let the voice stream occasionally run out of real time and produce an audible glitch (which is not acceptable from the voice quality perspective). If you agree with this and agree that a PC sometimes does get very heavily loaded, then if you don't want the voice stream to run out of real time, the worst-case codec-dependent delay for PC can still be around 3X the codec frame size. > I'm a bit surprised by your analysis of "packet transmission delay", > as it has little bearing on our multiplier (ie the change in delay as > a function of frame size). See old posts. [Raymond]: I am not sure I understand what you are saying. You probably misunderstood the goal of my analysis. I mentioned in my last email that my delay analysis aimed to derive the lower and upper bounds of the codec- dependent one-way delay as functions of both the codec frame size AND the packet size. That "packet transmission delay" does depend on the packet size, so it should be included. Also, including it doesn't increase the lower bound of the delay (and the codec frame size multiplier there); it only affects the upper bound. Or, are you saying the "packet transmission delay" depends on the packet size, not the codec frame size, and therefore is not codec-dependent? Well, we know the packet size should be a positive integer multiple of the codec frame size. Once the codec frame size is determined, there are only limited choices of packet sizes you can use, so in this sense the packet size does depend on the codec frame size. Therefore, the "packet transmission delay" indirectly depends on the choice of the codec. [Koen]: In other words, future manufacturers won't spend a few dimes on reducing delay, even though today they're happy to add several dollars to the price just to enable wideband? That's a statement about the relative importance of delay. For the discussion about transmission delay vs. frame size, see e.g. http://www.ietf.org/mail-archive/web/codec/current/msg01477.html [Hoene]: yesterdays, I had a brief look on ITU-T G.114 http://www1.cs.columbia.edu/~andreaf/new/documents/other/T-REC-G.114-200305.pdf It might help in your discussion... [Sanny MacInnis]: Sorry for stepping in here... full disclosure: I'm not a speech coding expert, and I work at Broadcom, where Raymond works. I too would like to end this discussion; it seems to have diverged from a discussion of the requirements for the CODEC algorithm to have a mode with low algorithmic delay, which AFAIK is already agreed anyway, to some rather tangential discussions related to, but not really addressing, real time scheduling of the algorithm on a processor. The point from Raymond that is the head of this particular discussion trail is RTS, i.e. real time scheduling. I know his note about that is long; it might be worth reading it again. It's not a fair assumption that 100% of a shared resource - in this instance, a processor - can be spent performing real-time-scheduled tasks. If there is a set of RT (real time) tasks that have different periods, and periods = deadlines, all being scheduled on the same processor, the best you can do is less than 100%. How close you can get depends on the details; it might be e.g. 68%, or it could be significantly less; there's a lot of literature on this. If the system is optimally designed for the purposes of RTS, i.e. all other tasks are treated as non-real time and have lower priority than all real time tasks, there are no priority inversions, task switching is very efficient, etc. the RTS performance can come close to theory, but if any of these assumptions are not true, it be significantly worse. If the total RT demands are only a very small fraction of the total shared resource, i.e. processor cycles, it tends to be easier to perform the scheduling and ensure that it works correctly. Such a scenario may be more important than RTS indicates if the system is not well designed for real time operation, i.e. a PC. And, such systems draw MUCH more power than well-designed embedded products. Conversely, low power and modest clock rates are good design principles for embedded products, if those that are wall (mains) powered. E.g. someone noted leakage power at 65nm - have you looked at 40nm? It just keeps getting worse. Designing for slower max clock rate saves substantial power. There are good reasons why a common convention of real time scheduling is the assumption that period = deadline. As Raymond noted, other design assumptions are possible, but they have their own problems. Note also, as Raymond pointed out, that RTS also applies to intermediate points in the end-end system, such as gateways. Such a device may have very powerful processors, and if so, it should be for the specific purpose performing a large number of RT tasks, loading the processors as much as can be guaranteed. I would hope that this committee is not planning to be in the position of dictating that all implementations of the algorithm require a processor that is so fast that the system can guarantee service that latency is much less than the period of an audio frame. And if not, then a reasonable assumption is that, in general, the deadline of service latency does equal the period of an audio frame. That assumption is part of one of upper- limit calculations from Raymond. [Raymond]: I too don't want to see this discussion drags on, but some of your comments seem misleading to me, so I would like to respond with some quick comments. Wideband is a new feature in some devices and is a check box that a product manager needs to check off to remain competitive. That doesn't mean wideband is more important than existing features in a device. Also, I am not sure the cost difference is a few dimes versus several dollars. In some devices the extra cost of adding wideband is minimal. Furthermore, it is not only a cost issue but also a power consumption issue. No one in his or her right mind will use a processor that's 5X to 10X faster than necessary just in order to reduce the encoder and decoder RTS delays to a small fraction of the codec frame size; this is just the way it is and has nothing to do with the relative importance of delay or anything else. You were presenting it as if this were a reasonable choice that device designers could easily make but chose not to make, but that's just not true. It has always been the case that the designers will use processors just fast enough for the job, perhaps with a little margin for the unexpected, but not 5X or 10X. Given this, the bottom line is that ~ 3X codec frame size is the "norm" or a "necessary result" for special-purpose hardware devices rather than by a design choice, and you are just lucky to get < 2X in PC-based VoIP calls because PCs were not designed for voice calls but for other much more computationally demanding tasks. (Even there you can't guarantee that PCs will always give you a multiplier of < 2X. What if the PC is heavily loaded with other tasks? Then you are more likely to get 3X if you don't want your voice stream to run out of real time.) -- Ticket URL: codec From trac@tools.ietf.org Thu Jun 24 08:33:33 2010 Return-Path: X-Original-To: codec@core3.amsl.com Delivered-To: codec@core3.amsl.com Received: from localhost (localhost [127.0.0.1]) by core3.amsl.com (Postfix) with ESMTP id 159753A67FB for ; Thu, 24 Jun 2010 08:33:33 -0700 (PDT) X-Virus-Scanned: amavisd-new at amsl.com X-Spam-Flag: NO X-Spam-Score: -100.848 X-Spam-Level: X-Spam-Status: No, score=-100.848 tagged_above=-999 required=5 tests=[AWL=-1.448, BAYES_50=0.001, J_CHICKENPOX_14=0.6, NO_RELAYS=-0.001, USER_IN_WHITELIST=-100] Received: from mail.ietf.org ([64.170.98.32]) by localhost (core3.amsl.com [127.0.0.1]) (amavisd-new, port 10024) with ESMTP id HLCTtv0wohZE for ; Thu, 24 Jun 2010 08:33:30 -0700 (PDT) Received: from zinfandel.tools.ietf.org (unknown [IPv6:2001:1890:1112:1::2a]) by core3.amsl.com (Postfix) with ESMTP id 812653A680D for ; Thu, 24 Jun 2010 08:33:29 -0700 (PDT) Received: from localhost ([::1] helo=zinfandel.tools.ietf.org) by zinfandel.tools.ietf.org with esmtp (Exim 4.72) (envelope-from ) id 1ORoQs-0000xd-7E; Thu, 24 Jun 2010 08:33:38 -0700 MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset="utf-8" Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit From: "codec issue tracker" X-Trac-Version: 0.11.7 Precedence: bulk Auto-Submitted: auto-generated X-Mailer: Trac 0.11.7, by Edgewall Software To: hoene@uni-tuebingen.de X-Trac-Project: codec Date: Thu, 24 Jun 2010 15:33:38 -0000 X-URL: http://tools.ietf.org/codec/ X-Trac-Ticket-URL: https://svn.tools.ietf.org/wg/codec/trac/ticket/20#comment:3 Message-ID: <071.5e6ef09350c42a52fe51191cc3cf486e@tools.ietf.org> References: <062.8524135614c0f45c18915362cc459235@tools.ietf.org> X-Trac-Ticket-ID: 20 In-Reply-To: <062.8524135614c0f45c18915362cc459235@tools.ietf.org> X-SA-Exim-Connect-IP: ::1 X-SA-Exim-Rcpt-To: hoene@uni-tuebingen.de, codec@ietf.org X-SA-Exim-Mail-From: trac@tools.ietf.org X-SA-Exim-Scanned: No (on zinfandel.tools.ietf.org); SAEximRunCond expanded to false Cc: codec@ietf.org Subject: Re: [codec] #20: Computational complexity? X-BeenThere: codec@ietf.org X-Mailman-Version: 2.1.9 Reply-To: codec@ietf.org List-Id: Codec WG List-Unsubscribe: , List-Archive: List-Post: List-Help: List-Subscribe: , X-List-Received-Date: Thu, 24 Jun 2010 15:33:34 -0000 #20: Computational complexity? ------------------------------------+--------------------------------------- Reporter: hoene@… | Owner: Type: defect | Status: new Priority: major | Milestone: Component: requirements | Version: Severity: - | Keywords: ------------------------------------+--------------------------------------- Comment(by hoene@…): [Hoene]: in the last weeks we had a couple of discussion on the complexity or algorithmic efficiency of the codec. Knowing the algorithmic efficiency is important because: 1. the complexity has an impact on power consumption and system costs, 2. the hardware can be selected to fit pre-known complexity requirement, and 3. different codec proposals can be compared if they are show similar performance in other aspects. Before any complexity comparisons can be made, we need an objective, precise, reliable, and repeatable metric on how to measure the algorithmic efficiency. Let me describe three different approaches: Classic Approach used in Codec Standardization In the last 17 years, the ITU-T Study Group 16 measure the complexity of codecs using a library called ITU-T Basic Operators (described in ITU-T G.191), that counts the kind and number of operations and the amount of memory. The last version of the standard (03/10), not yet publically available, supports - beside fix-point operations of different widths - also floating operations. Each operation can be counted automatically and weighted accordingly. The following source code is an excerpt from baseop32.h /*___________________________________________________________________________ | | | Prototypes for basic arithmetic operators | |___________________________________________________________________________| */ Word16 add (Word16 var1, Word16 var2); /* Short add, 1 */ Word16 sub (Word16 var1, Word16 var2); /* Short sub, 1 */ Word16 abs_s (Word16 var1); /* Short abs, 1 */ Word16 shl (Word16 var1, Word16 var2); /* Short shift left, 1 */ Word16 shr (Word16 var1, Word16 var2); /* Short shift right, 1 */ … Word16 div_s (Word16 var1, Word16 var2); /* Short division, 18 */ Word16 norm_l (Word32 L_var1); /* Long norm, 1 */ In the upcoming ITU-T G.GSAD standard another approach has been used as shown in the following code example. For each operation, WMPOS function have been added, which count the number of operations. If the algorithmic efficiency of an algorithm has to be measured, the program is run and the operations are counted. for (i=0; iband_enrg_long_fx[i] = 30; state_fx->band_enrg_fx[i] = 30; state_fx->band_enrg_bgd_fx[i] = 30; state_fx->min_band_enrg_fx[i] = 30; } These two similar examples worked well in the years and are an established procedure to count operations and complexity. Still, it has some drawbacks a) Existing algorithm must be modified manually to address the counting of operations. This is time consuming. b) The CPU model is simplistic as it does not consider memory access (e.g. cache), parallel executions, or other kind of optimization done in modern microprocessor and compilers. Thus, the number of instruction might not correlated well with the actual execution time on modern CPUs. Profiling: The Classic Approach used in Software Engineering Citing Wikipedia: „In software engineering, program profiling, software profiling or simply profiling, a form of dynamic program analysis (as opposed tostatic code analysis), is the investigation of a program's behavior using information gathered as the program executes. The usual purpose of this analysis is to determine which sections of a program to optimize - to increase its overall speed, decrease its memory requirement or sometimes both. • A (code) profiler is a performance analysis tool that, most commonly, measures only the frequency and duration of function calls, but there are other specific types of profilers (e.g. memory profilers) in addition to more comprehensive profilers, capable of gathering extensive performance data. • An instruction set simulator which is also — by necessity — a profiler, can measure the totality of a program's behaviour from invocation to termination.“ Thus, a typical profiler such as gprof can be used to measure and understand the complexity of a codec implementation. It is precise because it is uses on modern computers. However, if used for standardization, it has the following drawback. a) The execution times depend on the CPU architecture, the PC in general, the OS and parallel running programs. As such it cannot produce reliable and repeatable results. The results are not comparable if done under slightly changed conditions. Suggestion: Use a Cycle Accurate Simulator Wikipedia: „A Cycle Accurate Simulator (CAS) is a computer program that simulates a microarchitecture cycle-accurate. In contrast an instruction set simulator simulates an Instruction Set Architecture usually faster but not cycle-accurate to a specific implementation of this architecture.“ Then, the execution times are precise and they are repeatable. If two parties make measurements using different CPUs, they still get the same results. Of course, a cycle accurate simulator is slower than the real CPU at a factor of about 100. Actually, there is an open-source Cycle accurate simulator called PTLsim avaible that simulates an Pentium IV. „PTLsim is a cycle accurate x86 microprocessor simulator and virtual machine for the x86 and x86-64 instruction sets. PTLsim models a modern superscalar out of order x86-64 compatible processor core at a configurable level of detail ranging from full-speed native execution on the host CPU all the way down to RTL level models of all key pipeline structures. In addition, all microcode, the complete cache hierarchy, memory subsystem and supporting hardware devices are modeled with true cycle accuracy. PTLsim supports the full x86-64 instruction set of the Pentium 4+, Athlon 64 and similar machines with all extensions (x86-64, SSE/SSE2/SSE3, MMX, x87). It is currently the only tool available to the public to support true cycle accurate modeling of real x86 microarchitectures. […] PTLsim is used extensively at hundreds of major universities, industry research labs and the well known x86 microprocessor vendors Intel and AMD.“ Thus, I would suggest to use the Cycle Accurate Simulator PTLsim to measure the complexity of the IETF audio codec contributions because a) it makes precise performance measurements using a modern, widely deployed CPU platform, b) the measurement are repeatable and can be made by everybody, c) existing source code can be used without significant changes, and d) it is time-saving and easy to use. [Botzko]: Are you implying that the complexity is only a requirement for x86 machines? [Hoene]: Hoene: No, complexity is a requirement for all machines. However, x86 machines are distributed and used widely on PC, notebook and also sometimes also in embedded systems. Also, the contributed source code is only available for PCs like system not for DSPs. Thus, any testing on DSP will not be possible. However, you are free to suggest other reference platforms such as • ARM: http://facsim.snu.ac.kr/ • C64x+ CPU Cycle Accurate Simulator: http://processors.wiki.ti.com/index.php/C64x%2B_CPU_Cycle_Accurate_Simulator Just a matter of choice (and availability). [Botzko]: One significant disadvantage of profiling is that it gives an unfair advantage to code which is optimized for the x86 platform. This may not be a problem at the end of the development process, however in the beginning it is best to stay focused on the core algorithm. Even at the end, more generic code may be the best reference, since the x86 optimizations don't have to be undone if you are re-optimizing for a non-x86 platform. -- Ticket URL: codec From fluffy@cisco.com Thu Jun 24 14:28:32 2010 Return-Path: X-Original-To: codec@core3.amsl.com Delivered-To: codec@core3.amsl.com Received: from localhost (localhost [127.0.0.1]) by core3.amsl.com (Postfix) with ESMTP id D7DCD28C0D8 for ; Thu, 24 Jun 2010 14:28:32 -0700 (PDT) X-Virus-Scanned: amavisd-new at amsl.com X-Spam-Flag: NO X-Spam-Score: -110.111 X-Spam-Level: X-Spam-Status: No, score=-110.111 tagged_above=-999 required=5 tests=[AWL=0.488, BAYES_00=-2.599, RCVD_IN_DNSWL_HI=-8, USER_IN_WHITELIST=-100] Received: from mail.ietf.org ([64.170.98.32]) by localhost (core3.amsl.com [127.0.0.1]) (amavisd-new, port 10024) with ESMTP id V3W-aJyNGo2J for ; Thu, 24 Jun 2010 14:28:32 -0700 (PDT) Received: from sj-iport-6.cisco.com (sj-iport-6.cisco.com [171.71.176.117]) by core3.amsl.com (Postfix) with ESMTP id EC1983A6994 for ; Thu, 24 Jun 2010 14:28:31 -0700 (PDT) Authentication-Results: sj-iport-6.cisco.com; dkim=neutral (message not signed) header.i=none X-IronPort-Anti-Spam-Filtered: true X-IronPort-Anti-Spam-Result: AugOAIJqI0yrRN+K/2dsb2JhbACTDIRHAYdmcagOmkeFIQSDXg X-IronPort-AV: E=Sophos;i="4.53,476,1272844800"; d="scan'208";a="549832187" Received: from sj-core-4.cisco.com ([171.68.223.138]) by sj-iport-6.cisco.com with ESMTP; 24 Jun 2010 21:28:40 +0000 Received: from [192.168.4.177] (rcdn-fluffy-8711.cisco.com [10.99.9.18]) by sj-core-4.cisco.com (8.13.8/8.14.3) with ESMTP id o5OLSaLc018554 for ; Thu, 24 Jun 2010 21:28:40 GMT Content-Type: text/plain; charset=us-ascii Mime-Version: 1.0 (Apple Message framework v1078) Impp: xmpp:cullenfluffyjennings@jabber.org From: Cullen Jennings Date: Thu, 24 Jun 2010 15:28:40 -0600 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit Message-Id: References: <20100624204615.313693A6A67@core3.amsl.com> To: codec@ietf.org X-Mailer: Apple Mail (2.1078) Subject: [codec] Tentative time for CODEC meeting at IETF 78 X-BeenThere: codec@ietf.org X-Mailman-Version: 2.1.9 Precedence: list List-Id: Codec WG List-Unsubscribe: , List-Archive: List-Post: List-Help: List-Subscribe: , X-List-Received-Date: Thu, 24 Jun 2010 21:28:33 -0000 Note this *may* change. Begin forwarded message: > CODEC Session 1 (2 hours) > Monday, Afternoon Session I 1300-1500 Cullen Jennings For corporate legal information go to: http://www.cisco.com/web/about/doing_business/legal/cri/index.html From hoene@uni-tuebingen.de Fri Jun 25 01:17:59 2010 Return-Path: X-Original-To: codec@core3.amsl.com Delivered-To: codec@core3.amsl.com Received: from localhost (localhost [127.0.0.1]) by core3.amsl.com (Postfix) with ESMTP id E7E613A69DD for ; Fri, 25 Jun 2010 01:17:58 -0700 (PDT) X-Virus-Scanned: amavisd-new at amsl.com X-Spam-Flag: NO X-Spam-Score: -3.149 X-Spam-Level: X-Spam-Status: No, score=-3.149 tagged_above=-999 required=5 tests=[AWL=-0.500, BAYES_60=1, HELO_EQ_DE=0.35, HTML_MESSAGE=0.001, RCVD_IN_DNSWL_MED=-4] Received: from mail.ietf.org ([64.170.98.32]) by localhost (core3.amsl.com [127.0.0.1]) (amavisd-new, port 10024) with ESMTP id fjXUvDSb2VuM for ; Fri, 25 Jun 2010 01:17:57 -0700 (PDT) Received: from mx05.uni-tuebingen.de (mx05.uni-tuebingen.de [134.2.3.4]) by core3.amsl.com (Postfix) with ESMTP id 6B8453A6A0D for ; Fri, 25 Jun 2010 01:17:55 -0700 (PDT) Received: from hoeneT60 (u-173-c044.cs.uni-tuebingen.de [134.2.173.44]) (authenticated bits=0) by mx05.uni-tuebingen.de (8.13.6/8.13.6) with ESMTP id o5P8I0E3014433 (version=TLSv1/SSLv3 cipher=AES128-SHA bits=128 verify=NO) for ; Fri, 25 Jun 2010 10:18:01 +0200 From: "Christian Hoene" To: Date: Fri, 25 Jun 2010 10:18:01 +0200 Organization: =?UTF-8?Q?Universit=C3=A4t_T=C3=BCbingen?= Message-ID: <000601cb143e$ee851ca0$cb8f55e0$@de> MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: multipart/mixed; boundary="----=_NextPart_000_0007_01CB144F.B20DECA0" X-Mailer: Microsoft Office Outlook 12.0 Thread-Index: AcsUPs/YWbkxGWUjSua5XovSyizTjQ== Content-Language: de X-AntiVirus-Spam-Check: clean (checked by Avira MailGate: version: 3.0.0-4; spam filter version: 3.0.0/2.0; host: mx05) X-AntiVirus: checked by Avira MailGate (version: 3.0.0-4; AVE: 8.2.4.2; VDF: 7.10.8.185; host: mx05); id=16118-BdLJP4 Subject: [codec] Comparing codec contributions X-BeenThere: codec@ietf.org X-Mailman-Version: 2.1.9 Precedence: list List-Id: Codec WG List-Unsubscribe: , List-Archive: List-Post: List-Help: List-Subscribe: , X-List-Received-Date: Fri, 25 Jun 2010 08:17:59 -0000 This is a multi-part message in MIME format. ------=_NextPart_000_0007_01CB144F.B20DECA0 Content-Type: multipart/alternative; boundary="----=_NextPart_001_0008_01CB144F.B20DECA0" ------=_NextPart_001_0008_01CB144F.B20DECA0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset="UTF-8" Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable Hi,=20 =20 I just set up the attached excel sheet to compare the codec = contributions. I just plotted the algorithmic delay/rate tradeoffs for = different coding modes and frames per packet. As a packet overhead I = assumed 464 bits. =20 If you think the values in the Excel might be wrong, please feel free to = correct them. =20 With best regards, =20 Christian =20 =20 --------------------------------------------------------------- Dr.-Ing. Christian Hoene Interactive Communication Systems (ICS), University of T=C3=BCbingen=20 Sand 13, 72076 T=C3=BCbingen, Germany, Phone +49 7071 2970532=20 http://www.net.uni-tuebingen.de/ =20 ------=_NextPart_001_0008_01CB144F.B20DECA0 Content-Type: text/html; charset="UTF-8" Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable

Hi,

 

I just set up the attached excel = sheet to compare the codec contributions. I just plotted the algorithmic = delay/rate tradeoffs for different coding modes and frames per packet. As a packet overhead I assumed 464 bits.

 

If you think the values in the = Excel might be wrong, please feel free to correct them.

 

With best = regards,

 

=C2=A0Christian

 

 

-------------------------= --------------------------------------

Dr.-Ing. Christian Hoene

Interactive Communication Systems (ICS), University of T=C3=BCbingen =

Sand 13, 72076 T=C3=BCbingen, Germany, Phone +49 7071 2970532 =

http://www.net.uni-tuebingen.de/

 

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