]> Proxying IP in HTTP Apple Inc.
tpauly@apple.com
Google LLC
1600 Amphitheatre Parkway Mountain View CA 94043 United States of America dschinazi.ietf@gmail.com
Google LLC
achernya@google.com
Ericsson
mirja.kuehlewind@ericsson.com
Ericsson
magnus.westerlund@ericsson.com
tsv masque quic http datagram VPN proxy tunnels quic in udp in IP in quic turtles all the way down masque http-ng This document describes how to proxy IP packets in HTTP. This protocol is similar to UDP proxying in HTTP but allows transmitting arbitrary IP packets. More specifically, this document defines a protocol that allows an HTTP client to create an IP tunnel through an HTTP server that acts as an IP proxy. This document updates RFC 9298.
Introduction HTTP provides the CONNECT method (see ) for creating a TCP tunnel to a destination and a similar mechanism for UDP . However, these mechanisms cannot tunnel other IP protocols nor convey fields of the IP header. This document describes a protocol for tunnelling IP through an HTTP server acting as an IP-specific proxy over HTTP. This can be used for various use cases, such as remote access VPN, site-to-site VPN, secure point-to-point communication, or general-purpose packet tunnelling. IP proxying operates similarly to UDP proxying , whereby the proxy itself is identified with an absolute URL, optionally containing the traffic's destination. Clients generate these URLs using a URI Template , as described in . This protocol supports all existing versions of HTTP by using HTTP Datagrams . When using HTTP/2 or HTTP/3 , it uses HTTP Extended CONNECT, as described in and . When using HTTP/1.x , it uses HTTP Upgrade, as defined in . This document updates to change the "masque" well-known URI; see .
Conventions and Definitions The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "NOT RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in BCP 14 when, and only when, they appear in all capitals, as shown here. In this document, we use the term "IP proxy" to refer to the HTTP server that responds to the IP proxying request. The term "client" is used in the HTTP sense; the client constructs the IP proxying request. If there are HTTP intermediaries (as defined in ) between the client and the IP proxy, those are referred to as "intermediaries" in this document. The term "IP proxying endpoints" refers to both the client and the IP proxy. This document uses terminology from . Where this document defines protocol types, the definition format uses the notation from . This specification uses the variable-length integer encoding from . Variable-length integer values do not need to be encoded in the minimum number of bytes necessary. Note that, when the HTTP version in use does not support multiplexing streams (such as HTTP/1.1), any reference to "stream" in this document represents the entire connection.
Configuration of Clients Clients are configured to use IP proxying over HTTP via a URI Template . The URI Template MAY contain two variables: "target" and "ipproto"; see . The optionality of the variables needs to be considered when defining the template so that the variable is either self-identifying or possible to exclude in the syntax. Examples are shown below:
URI Template Examples
The following requirements apply to the URI Template:
  • The URI Template MUST be a level 3 template or lower.
  • The URI Template MUST be in absolute form and MUST include non-empty scheme, authority, and path components.
  • The path component of the URI Template MUST start with a slash "/".
  • All template variables MUST be within the path or query components of the URI.
  • The URI Template MAY contain the two variables "target" and "ipproto" and MAY contain other variables. If the "target" or "ipproto" variables are included, their values MUST NOT be empty. Clients can instead use "*" to indicate wildcard or no-preference values; see .
  • The URI Template MUST NOT contain any non-ASCII Unicode characters and MUST only contain ASCII characters in the range 0x21-0x7E inclusive (note that percent-encoding is allowed; see ).
  • The URI Template MUST NOT use Reserved Expansion ("+" operator), Fragment Expansion ("#" operator), Label Expansion with Dot-Prefix, Path Segment Expansion with Slash-Prefix, nor Path-Style Parameter Expansion with Semicolon-Prefix.
Clients SHOULD validate the requirements above; however, clients MAY use a general-purpose URI Template implementation that lacks this specific validation. If a client detects that any of the requirements above are not met by a URI Template, the client MUST reject its configuration and abort the request without sending it to the IP proxy. As with UDP proxying, some client configurations for IP proxies will only allow the user to configure the proxy host and proxy port. Clients with such limitations MAY attempt to access IP proxying capabilities using the default template, which is defined as: "https://$PROXY_HOST:$PROXY_PORT/.well-known/masque/ip/{target}/{ipproto}/", where $PROXY_HOST and $PROXY_PORT are the configured host and port of the IP proxy, respectively. IP proxy deployments SHOULD offer service at this location if they need to interoperate with such clients.
Tunnelling IP over HTTP To allow negotiation of a tunnel for IP over HTTP, this document defines the "connect-ip" HTTP upgrade token. The resulting IP tunnels use the Capsule Protocol (see ) with HTTP Datagrams in the format defined in . To initiate an IP tunnel associated with a single HTTP stream, a client issues a request containing the "connect-ip" upgrade token. When sending its IP proxying request, the client SHALL perform URI Template expansion to determine the path and query of its request; see . By virtue of the definition of the Capsule Protocol (see ), IP proxying requests do not carry any message content. Similarly, successful IP proxying responses also do not carry any message content. IP proxying over HTTP MUST be operated over TLS or QUIC encryption, or another equivalent encryption protocol, to provide confidentiality, integrity, and authentication.
IP Proxy Handling Upon receiving an IP proxying request:
  • If the recipient is configured to use another HTTP server, it will act as an intermediary by forwarding the request to the other HTTP server. Note that such intermediaries may need to re-encode the request if they forward it using a version of HTTP that is different from the one used to receive it, as the request encoding differs by version (see below).
  • Otherwise, the recipient will act as an IP proxy. The IP proxy can choose to reject the IP proxying request. Otherwise, it extracts the optional "target" and "ipproto" variables from the URI it has reconstructed from the request headers, decodes their percent-encoding, and establishes an IP tunnel.
IP proxies MUST validate whether the decoded "target" and "ipproto" variables meet the requirements in . If they do not, the IP proxy MUST treat the request as malformed; see and . If the "target" variable is a DNS name, the IP proxy MUST perform DNS resolution (to obtain the corresponding IPv4 and/or IPv6 addresses via A and/or AAAA records) before replying to the HTTP request. If errors occur during this process, the IP proxy MUST reject the request and SHOULD send details using an appropriate Proxy-Status header field . For example, if DNS resolution returns an error, the proxy can use the dns_error proxy error type from . The lifetime of the IP forwarding tunnel is tied to the IP proxying request stream. The IP proxy MUST maintain all IP address and route assignments associated with the IP forwarding tunnel while the request stream is open. IP proxies MAY choose to tear down the tunnel due to a period of inactivity, but they MUST close the request stream when doing so. A successful IP proxying response (as defined in Sections and ) indicates that the IP proxy has established an IP tunnel and is willing to proxy IP payloads. Any response other than a successful IP proxying response indicates that the request has failed; thus, the client MUST abort the request. Along with a successful IP proxying response, the IP proxy can send capsules to assign addresses and advertise routes to the client (). The client can also assign addresses and advertise routes to the IP proxy for network-to-network routing.
HTTP/1.1 Request When using HTTP/1.1 , an IP proxying request will meet the following requirements:
  • The method SHALL be "GET".
  • The request SHALL include a single Host header field containing the host and optional port of the IP proxy.
  • The request SHALL include a Connection header field with value "Upgrade" (note that this requirement is case-insensitive, as per ).
  • The request SHALL include an Upgrade header field with value "connect-ip".
An IP proxying request that does not conform to these restrictions is malformed. The recipient of such a malformed request MUST respond with an error and SHOULD use the 400 (Bad Request) status code. For example, if the client is configured with URI Template "https://example.org/.well-known/masque/ip/{target}/{ipproto}/" and wishes to open an IP forwarding tunnel with no target or protocol limitations, it could send the following request:
Example HTTP/1.1 Request
HTTP/1.1 Response The server indicates a successful IP proxying response by replying with the following requirements:
  • The HTTP status code on the response SHALL be 101 (Switching Protocols).
  • The response SHALL include a Connection header field with value "Upgrade" (note that this requirement is case-insensitive, as per ).
  • The response SHALL include a single Upgrade header field with value "connect-ip".
  • The response SHALL meet the requirements of HTTP responses that start the Capsule Protocol; see .
If any of these requirements are not met, the client MUST treat this proxying attempt as failed and close the connection. For example, the server could respond with:
Example HTTP/1.1 Response
HTTP/2 and HTTP/3 Requests When using HTTP/2 or HTTP/3 , IP proxying requests use HTTP Extended CONNECT. This requires that servers send an HTTP Setting, as specified in and , and that requests use HTTP pseudo-header fields with the following requirements:
  • The :method pseudo-header field SHALL be "CONNECT".
  • The :protocol pseudo-header field SHALL be "connect-ip".
  • The :authority pseudo-header field SHALL contain the authority of the IP proxy.
  • The :path and :scheme pseudo-header fields SHALL NOT be empty. Their values SHALL contain the scheme and path from the URI Template after the URI Template expansion process has been completed; see . Variables in the URI Template can determine the scope of the request, such as requesting full-tunnel IP packet forwarding, or a specific proxied flow; see .
An IP proxying request that does not conform to these restrictions is malformed; see and . For example, if the client is configured with URI Template "https://example.org/.well-known/masque/ip/{target}/{ipproto}/" and wishes to open an IP forwarding tunnel with no target or protocol limitations, it could send the following request:
Example HTTP/2 or HTTP/3 Request
HTTP/2 and HTTP/3 Responses The server indicates a successful IP proxying response by replying with the following requirements:
  • The HTTP status code on the response SHALL be in the 2xx (Successful) range.
  • The response SHALL meet the requirements of HTTP responses that start the Capsule Protocol; see .
If any of these requirements are not met, the client MUST treat this proxying attempt as failed and abort the request. As an example, any status code in the 3xx range will be treated as a failure and cause the client to abort the request. For example, the server could respond with:
Example HTTP/2 or HTTP/3 Response
Limiting Request Scope Unlike UDP proxying requests, which require specifying a target host, IP proxying requests can allow endpoints to send arbitrary IP packets to any host. The client can choose to restrict a given request to a specific IP prefix or IP protocol by adding parameters to its request. When the IP proxy knows that a request is scoped to a target prefix or protocol, it can leverage this information to optimize its resource allocation; for example, the IP proxy can assign the same public IP address to two IP proxying requests that are scoped to different prefixes and/or different protocols. The scope of the request is indicated by the client to the IP proxy via the "target" and "ipproto" variables of the URI Template; see . Both the "target" and "ipproto" variables are optional; if they are not included, they are considered to carry the wildcard value "*".
target:
The variable "target" contains a hostname or IP prefix of a specific host to which the client wants to proxy packets. If the "target" variable is not specified or its value is "*", the client is requesting to communicate with any allowable host. "target" supports using DNS names, IPv6 prefixes, and IPv4 prefixes. Note that IPv6 scoped addressing zone identifiers are not supported. If the target is an IP prefix (IP address optionally followed by a percent-encoded slash followed by the prefix length in bits), the request will only support a single IP version. If the target is a hostname, the IP proxy is expected to perform DNS resolution to determine which route(s) to advertise to the client. The IP proxy SHOULD send a ROUTE_ADVERTISEMENT capsule that includes routes for all addresses that were resolved for the requested hostname, that are accessible to the IP proxy, and belong to an address family for which the IP proxy also sends an Assigned Address.
ipproto:
The variable "ipproto" contains an Internet Protocol Number; see the defined list in the "Assigned Internet Protocol Numbers" IANA registry . If present, it specifies that a client only wants to proxy a specific IP protocol for this request. If the value is "*", or the variable is not included, the client is requesting to use any IP protocol. The IP protocol indicated in the "ipproto" variable represents an allowable next header value carried in IP headers that are directly sent in HTTP Datagrams (the outermost IP headers). ICMP traffic is always allowed, regardless of the value of this field.
Using the terms IPv6address, IPv4address, and reg-name from , the "target" and "ipproto" variables MUST adhere to the format in , using notation from . Additionally:
  • If "target" contains an IPv6 literal or prefix, the colons (":") MUST be percent-encoded. For example, if the target host is "2001:db8::42", it will be encoded in the URI as "2001%3Adb8%3A%3A42".
  • If present, the IP prefix length in "target" SHALL be preceded by a percent-encoded slash ("/"): "%2F". The IP prefix length MUST represent a decimal integer between 0 and the length of the IP address in bits, inclusive.
  • If "target" contains an IP prefix and the prefix length is strictly less than the length of the IP address in bits, the lower bits of the IP address that are not covered by the prefix length MUST all be set to 0.
  • "ipproto" MUST represent a decimal integer between 0 and 255 inclusive or the wildcard value "*".
URI Template Variable Format
IP proxies MAY perform access control using the scoping information provided by the client, i.e., if the client is not authorized to access any of the destinations included in the scope, then the IP proxy can immediately reject the request.
Capsules This document defines multiple new capsule types that allow endpoints to exchange IP configuration information. Both endpoints MAY send any number of these new capsules.
ADDRESS_ASSIGN Capsule The ADDRESS_ASSIGN capsule (capsule type 0x01) allows an endpoint to assign its peer a list of IP addresses or prefixes. Every capsule contains the full list of IP prefixes currently assigned to the receiver. Any of these addresses can be used as the source address on IP packets originated by the receiver of this capsule.
ADDRESS_ASSIGN Capsule Format
The ADDRESS_ASSIGN capsule contains a sequence of zero or more Assigned Addresses.
Assigned Address Format
Each Assigned Address contains the following fields:
Request ID:
Request identifier, encoded as a variable-length integer. If this address assignment is in response to an Address Request (see ), then this field SHALL contain the value of the corresponding field in the request. Otherwise, this field SHALL be zero.
IP Version:
IP Version of this address assignment, encoded as an unsigned 8-bit integer. It MUST be either 4 or 6.
IP Address:
Assigned IP address. If the IP Version field has value 4, the IP Address field SHALL have a length of 32 bits. If the IP Version field has value 6, the IP Address field SHALL have a length of 128 bits.
IP Prefix Length:
The number of bits in the IP address that are used to define the prefix that is being assigned, encoded as an unsigned 8-bit integer. This MUST be less than or equal to the length of the IP Address field in bits. If the prefix length is equal to the length of the IP address, the receiver of this capsule is allowed to send packets from a single source address. If the prefix length is less than the length of the IP address, the receiver of this capsule is allowed to send packets from any source address that falls within the prefix. If the prefix length is strictly less than the length of the IP address in bits, the lower bits of the IP Address field that are not covered by the prefix length MUST all be set to 0.
If any of the capsule fields are malformed upon reception, the receiver of the capsule MUST follow the error-handling procedure defined in . If an ADDRESS_ASSIGN capsule does not contain an address that was previously transmitted in another ADDRESS_ASSIGN capsule, it indicates that the address has been removed. An ADDRESS_ASSIGN capsule can also be empty, indicating that all addresses have been removed. In some deployments of IP proxying in HTTP, an endpoint needs to be assigned an address by its peer before it knows what source address to set on its own packets. For example, in the remote access VPN case (), the client cannot send IP packets until it knows what address to use. In these deployments, the endpoint that is expecting an address assignment MUST send an ADDRESS_REQUEST capsule. This isn't required if the endpoint does not need any address assignment, for example, when it is configured out-of-band with static addresses. While ADDRESS_ASSIGN capsules are commonly sent in response to ADDRESS_REQUEST capsules, endpoints MAY send ADDRESS_ASSIGN capsules unprompted.
ADDRESS_REQUEST Capsule The ADDRESS_REQUEST capsule (capsule type 0x02) allows an endpoint to request assignment of IP addresses from its peer. The capsule allows the endpoint to optionally indicate a preference for which address it would get assigned.
ADDRESS_REQUEST Capsule Format
The ADDRESS_REQUEST capsule contains a sequence of one or more Requested Addresses.
Requested Address Format
Each Requested Address contains the following fields:
Request ID:
Request identifier, encoded as a variable-length integer. This is the identifier of this specific address request. Each request from a given endpoint carries a different identifier. Request IDs MUST NOT be reused by an endpoint and MUST NOT be zero.
IP Version:
IP Version of this address request, encoded as an unsigned 8-bit integer. It MUST be either 4 or 6.
IP Address:
Requested IP address. If the IP Version field has value 4, the IP Address field SHALL have a length of 32 bits. If the IP Version field has value 6, the IP Address field SHALL have a length of 128 bits.
IP Prefix Length:
Length of the IP Prefix requested in bits, encoded as an unsigned 8-bit integer. It MUST be less than or equal to the length of the IP Address field in bits. If the prefix length is strictly less than the length of the IP address in bits, the lower bits of the IP Address field that are not covered by the prefix length MUST all be set to 0.
If the IP address is all-zero (0.0.0.0 or ::), this indicates that the sender is requesting an address of that address family but does not have a preference for a specific address. In that scenario, the prefix length still indicates the sender's preference for the prefix length it is requesting. If any of the capsule fields are malformed upon reception, the receiver of the capsule MUST follow the error-handling procedure defined in . Upon receiving the ADDRESS_REQUEST capsule, an endpoint SHOULD assign one or more IP addresses to its peer and then respond with an ADDRESS_ASSIGN capsule to inform the peer of the assignment. For each Requested Address, the receiver of the ADDRESS_REQUEST capsule SHALL respond with an Assigned Address with a matching Request ID. If the requested address was assigned, the IP Address and IP Prefix Length fields in the Assigned Address response SHALL be set to the assigned values. If the requested address was not assigned, the IP address SHALL be all-zero, and the IP Prefix Length SHALL be the maximum length (0.0.0.0/32 or ::/128) to indicate that no address was assigned. These address rejections SHOULD NOT be included in subsequent ADDRESS_ASSIGN capsules. Note that other Assigned Address entries that do not correspond to any Request ID can also be contained in the same ADDRESS_ASSIGN response. If an endpoint receives an ADDRESS_REQUEST capsule that contains zero Requested Addresses, it MUST abort the IP proxying request stream. Note that the ordering of Requested Addresses does not carry any semantics. Similarly, the Request ID is only meant as a unique identifier; it does not convey any priority or importance.
ROUTE_ADVERTISEMENT Capsule The ROUTE_ADVERTISEMENT capsule (capsule type 0x03) allows an endpoint to communicate to its peer that it is willing to route traffic to a set of IP address ranges. This indicates that the sender has an existing route to each address range and notifies its peer that, if the receiver of the ROUTE_ADVERTISEMENT capsule sends IP packets for one of these ranges in HTTP Datagrams, the sender of the capsule will forward them along its preexisting route. Any address that is in one of the address ranges can be used as the destination address on IP packets originated by the receiver of this capsule.
ROUTE_ADVERTISEMENT Capsule Format
The ROUTE_ADVERTISEMENT capsule contains a sequence of zero or more IP Address Ranges.
IP Address Range Format
Each IP Address Range contains the following fields:
IP Version:
IP Version of this range, encoded as an unsigned 8-bit integer. It MUST be either 4 or 6.
Start IP Address and End IP Address:
Inclusive start and end IP address of the advertised range. If the IP Version field has value 4, these fields SHALL have a length of 32 bits. If the IP Version field has value 6, these fields SHALL have a length of 128 bits. The Start IP Address MUST be less than or equal to the End IP Address.
IP Protocol:
The Internet Protocol Number for traffic that can be sent to this range, encoded as an unsigned 8-bit integer. If the value is 0, all protocols are allowed. If the value is not 0, it represents an allowable next header value carried in IP headers that are sent directly in HTTP Datagrams (the outermost IP headers). ICMP traffic is always allowed, regardless of the value of this field.
If any of the capsule fields are malformed upon reception, the receiver of the capsule MUST follow the error-handling procedure defined in . Upon receiving the ROUTE_ADVERTISEMENT capsule, an endpoint MAY update its local state regarding what its peer is willing to route (subject to local policy), such as by installing entries in a routing table. Each ROUTE_ADVERTISEMENT contains the full list of address ranges. If multiple ROUTE_ADVERTISEMENT capsules are sent in one direction, each ROUTE_ADVERTISEMENT capsule supersedes prior ones. In other words, if a given address range was present in a prior capsule but the most recently received ROUTE_ADVERTISEMENT capsule does not contain it, the receiver will consider that range withdrawn. If multiple ranges using the same IP protocol were to overlap, some routing table implementations might reject them. To prevent overlap, the ranges are ordered; this places the burden on the sender and makes verification by the receiver much simpler. If an IP Address Range A precedes an IP Address Range B in the same ROUTE_ADVERTISEMENT capsule, they MUST follow these requirements:
  • The IP Version of A MUST be less than or equal to the IP Version of B.
  • If the IP Version of A and B are equal, the IP Protocol of A MUST be less than or equal to the IP Protocol of B.
  • If the IP Version and IP Protocol of A and B are both equal, the End IP Address of A MUST be strictly less than the Start IP Address of B.
If an endpoint receives a ROUTE_ADVERTISEMENT capsule that does not meet these requirements, it MUST abort the IP proxying request stream. Since setting the IP protocol to zero indicates all protocols are allowed, the requirements above make it possible for two routes to overlap when one has its IP protocol set to zero and the other has it set to non-zero. Endpoints MUST NOT send a ROUTE_ADVERTISEMENT capsule with routes that overlap in such a way. Validating this requirement is OPTIONAL, but if an endpoint detects the violation, it MUST abort the IP proxying request stream.
IPv6 Extension Headers Both request scoping (see ) and the ROUTE_ADVERTISEMENT capsule (see ) use Internet Protocol Numbers. These numbers represent both upper layers (as defined in , with examples that include TCP and UDP) and IPv6 extension headers (as defined in , with examples that include Fragment and Options headers). IP proxies MAY reject requests to scope to protocol numbers that are used for extension headers. Upon receiving packets, implementations that support scoping or routing by Internet Protocol Number MUST walk the chain of extensions to find the outermost non-extension Internet Protocol Number to match against the scoping rule. Note that the ROUTE_ADVERTISEMENT capsule uses Internet Protocol Number 0 to indicate that all protocols are allowed; it does not restrict the route to the IPv6 Hop-by-Hop Options header ().
Context Identifiers The mechanism for proxying IP in HTTP defined in this document allows future extensions to exchange HTTP Datagrams that carry different semantics from IP payloads. Some of these extensions can augment IP payloads with additional data or compress IP header fields, while others can exchange data that is completely separate from IP payloads. In order to accomplish this, all HTTP Datagrams associated with IP proxying request streams start with a Context ID field; see . Context IDs are 62-bit integers (0 to 262-1). Context IDs are encoded as variable-length integers; see . The Context ID value of 0 is reserved for IP payloads, while non-zero values are dynamically allocated. Non-zero even-numbered Context IDs are client-allocated, and odd-numbered Context IDs are proxy-allocated. The Context ID namespace is tied to a given HTTP request; it is possible for a Context ID with the same numeric value to be simultaneously allocated in distinct requests, potentially with different semantics. Context IDs MUST NOT be re-allocated within a given HTTP request but MAY be allocated in any order. The Context ID allocation restrictions to the use of even-numbered and odd-numbered Context IDs exist in order to avoid the need for synchronization between endpoints. However, once a Context ID has been allocated, those restrictions do not apply to the use of the Context ID; it can be used by either the client or the IP proxy, independent of which endpoint initially allocated it. Registration is the action by which an endpoint informs its peer of the semantics and format of a given Context ID. This document does not define how registration occurs. Future extensions MAY use HTTP header fields or capsules to register Context IDs. Depending on the method being used, it is possible for datagrams to be received with Context IDs that have not yet been registered. For instance, this can be due to reordering of the packet containing the datagram and the packet containing the registration message during transmission.
HTTP Datagram Payload Format When associated with IP proxying request streams, the HTTP Datagram Payload field of HTTP Datagrams (see ) has the format defined in . Note that, when HTTP Datagrams are encoded using QUIC DATAGRAM frames, the Context ID field defined below directly follows the Quarter Stream ID field that is at the start of the QUIC DATAGRAM frame payload:
IP Proxying HTTP Datagram Format
The IP Proxying HTTP Datagram Payload contains the following fields:
Context ID:
A variable-length integer that contains the value of the Context ID. If an HTTP/3 datagram that carries an unknown Context ID is received, the receiver SHALL either drop that datagram silently or buffer it temporarily (on the order of a round trip) while awaiting the registration of the corresponding Context ID.
Payload:
The payload of the datagram, whose semantics depend on value of the previous field. Note that this field can be empty.
IP packets are encoded using HTTP Datagrams with the Context ID set to zero. When the Context ID is set to zero, the Payload field contains a full IP packet (from the IP Version field until the last byte of the IP payload).
IP Packet Handling This document defines a tunneling mechanism that is conceptually an IP link. However, because links are attached to IP routers, implementations might need to handle some of the responsibilities of IP routers if they do not delegate them to another implementation, such as a kernel.
Link Operation The IP forwarding tunnels described in this document are not fully featured "interfaces" in the IPv6 addressing architecture sense . In particular, they do not necessarily have IPv6 link-local addresses. Additionally, IPv6 stateless autoconfiguration or router advertisement messages are not used in such interfaces, and neither is neighbor discovery. When using HTTP/2 or HTTP/3, a client MAY optimistically start sending proxied IP packets before receiving the response to its IP proxying request, noting however that those may not be processed by the IP proxy if it responds to the request with a failure or if the datagrams are received by the IP proxy before the request. Since receiving addresses and routes is required in order to know that a packet can be sent through the tunnel, such optimistic packets might be dropped by the IP proxy if it chooses to provide different addressing or routing information than what the client assumed. Note that it is possible for multiple proxied IP packets to be encapsulated in the same outer packet, for example, because a QUIC packet can carry more than one QUIC DATAGRAM frame. It is also possible for a proxied IP packet to span multiple outer packets, because a DATAGRAM capsule can be split across multiple QUIC or TCP packets.
Routing Operation The requirements in this section are a repetition of requirements that apply to IP routers in general and might not apply to implementations of IP proxying that rely on external software for routing. When an endpoint receives an HTTP Datagram containing an IP packet, it will parse the packet's IP header, perform any local policy checks (e.g., source address validation), check their routing table to pick an outbound interface, and then send the IP packet on that interface or pass it to a local application. The endpoint can also choose to drop any received packets instead of forwarding them. If a received IP packet fails any correctness or policy checks, that is a forwarding error, not a protocol violation, as far as IP proxying is concerned; see . IP proxying endpoints MAY implement additional filtering policies on the IP packets they forward. In the other direction, when an endpoint receives an IP packet, it checks to see if the packet matches the routes mapped for an IP tunnel and performs the same forwarding checks as above before transmitting the packet over HTTP Datagrams. When IP proxying endpoints forward IP packets between different links, they will decrement the IP Hop Count (or TTL) upon encapsulation but not upon decapsulation. In other words, the Hop Count is decremented right before an IP packet is transmitted in an HTTP Datagram. This prevents infinite loops in the presence of routing loops and matches the choices in IPsec . This does not apply to IP packets generated by the IP proxying endpoint itself. Implementers need to ensure that they do not forward any link-local traffic beyond the IP proxying interface that it was received on. IP proxying endpoints also need to properly reply to packets destined to link-local multicast addresses. IPv6 requires that every link have an MTU of at least 1280 bytes . Since IP proxying in HTTP conveys IP packets in HTTP Datagrams and those can in turn be sent in QUIC DATAGRAM frames that cannot be fragmented , the MTU of an IP tunnel can be limited by the MTU of the QUIC connection that IP proxying is operating over. This can lead to situations where the IPv6 minimum link MTU is violated. IP proxying endpoints that operate as routers and support IPv6 MUST ensure that the IP tunnel link MTU is at least 1280 bytes (i.e., that they can send HTTP Datagrams with payloads of at least 1280 bytes). This can be accomplished using various techniques:
  • If both IP proxying endpoints know for certain that HTTP intermediaries are not in use, the endpoints can pad the QUIC INITIAL packets of the outer QUIC connection that IP proxying is running over. (Assuming QUIC version 1 is in use, the overhead is 1 byte for the type, 20 bytes for the maximal connection ID length, 4 bytes for the maximal packet number length, 1 byte for the DATAGRAM frame type, 8 bytes for the maximal Quarter Stream ID, 1 byte for the zero Context ID, and 16 bytes for the Authenticated Encryption with Associated Data (AEAD) authentication tag, for a total of 51 bytes of overhead, which corresponds to padding QUIC INITIAL packets to 1331 bytes or more.)
  • IP proxying endpoints can also send ICMPv6 echo requests with 1232 bytes of data to ascertain the link MTU and tear down the tunnel if they do not receive a response. Unless endpoints have an out-of-band means of guaranteeing that the previous techniques are sufficient, they MUST use this method. If an endpoint does not know an IPv6 address of its peer, it can send the ICMPv6 echo request to the link-local all nodes multicast address (ff02::1).
If an endpoint is using QUIC DATAGRAM frames to convey IPv6 packets and it detects that the QUIC MTU is too low to allow sending 1280 bytes, it MUST abort the IP proxying request stream.
Error Signalling Since IP proxying endpoints often forward IP packets onwards to other network interfaces, they need to handle errors in the forwarding process. For example, forwarding can fail if the endpoint does not have a route for the destination address, if it is configured to reject a destination prefix by policy, or if the MTU of the outgoing link is lower than the size of the packet to be forwarded. In such scenarios, IP proxying endpoints SHOULD use ICMP to signal the forwarding error to its peer by generating ICMP packets and sending them using HTTP Datagrams. Endpoints are free to select the most appropriate ICMP errors to send. Some examples that are relevant for IP proxying include the following:
  • For invalid source addresses, send Destination Unreachable () with code 5, "Source address failed ingress/egress policy".
  • For unroutable destination addresses, send Destination Unreachable () with code 0, "No route to destination", or code 1, "Communication with destination administratively prohibited".
  • For packets that cannot fit within the MTU of the outgoing link, send Packet Too Big ().
In order to receive these errors, endpoints need to be prepared to receive ICMP packets. If an endpoint does not send ROUTE_ADVERTISEMENT capsules, such as a client opening an IP flow through an IP proxy, it SHOULD process proxied ICMP packets from its peer in order to receive these errors. Note that ICMP messages can originate from a source address different from that of the IP proxying peer and also from outside the target if scoping is in use (see ).
Examples IP proxying in HTTP enables many different use cases that can benefit from IP packet proxying and tunnelling. These examples are provided to help illustrate some of the ways in which IP proxying in HTTP can be used.
Remote Access VPN The following example shows a point-to-network VPN setup, where a client receives a set of local addresses and can send to any remote host through the IP proxy. Such VPN setups can be either full-tunnel or split-tunnel.
VPN Tunnel Setup IP A IP B IP D IP IP C Client IP Subnet C ? Proxy IP E IP ... IP D | +--------------------+ IP | IP C | | Client | IP Subnet C <--> ? | Proxy +-----------+---> IP E | +--------------------+ | | +--------+ +--------+ +---> IP ... ]]>
In this case, the client does not specify any scope in its request. The IP proxy assigns the client an IPv4 address (192.0.2.11) and a full-tunnel route of all IPv4 addresses (0.0.0.0/0). The client can then send to any IPv4 host using its assigned address as its source address.
VPN Full-Tunnel Example
A setup for a split-tunnel VPN (the case where the client can only access a specific set of private subnets) is quite similar. In this case, the advertised route is restricted to 192.0.2.0/24, rather than 0.0.0.0/0.
VPN Split-Tunnel Example
Site-to-Site VPN The following example shows how to connect a branch office network to a corporate network such that all machines on those networks can communicate. In this example, the IP proxying client is attached to the branch office network 192.0.2.0/24, and the IP proxy is attached to the corporate network 203.0.113.0/24. There are legacy clients on the branch office network that only allow maintenance requests from machines on their subnet, so the IP proxy is provisioned with an IP address from that subnet.
Site-to-Site VPN Example 192.0.2.1 203.0.113.9 IP 192.0.2.2 Client IP Proxying Proxy 203.0.113.8 192.0.2.3 203.0.113.7 203.0.113.9 | | +-------------+ IP | | 192.0.2.2 <--+---+ Client | IP Proxying | Proxy +---+---> 203.0.113.8 | | +-------------+ | | 192.0.2.3 <--+ +--------+ +-------+ +---> 203.0.113.7 ]]>
In this case, the client does not specify any scope in its request. The IP proxy assigns the client an IPv4 address (203.0.113.100) and a split-tunnel route to the corporate network (203.0.113.0/24). The client assigns the IP proxy an IPv4 address (192.0.2.200) and a split-tunnel route to the branch office network (192.0.2.0/24). This allows hosts on both networks to communicate with each other and allows the IP proxy to perform maintenance on legacy hosts in the branch office. Note that IP proxying endpoints will decrement the IP Hop Count (or TTL) when encapsulating forwarded packets, so protocols that require that field be set to 255 will not function.
Site-to-Site VPN Capsule Example
IP Flow Forwarding The following example shows an IP flow forwarding setup, where a client requests to establish a forwarding tunnel to target.example.com using the Stream Control Transmission Protocol (SCTP) (IP protocol 132) and receives a single local address and remote address it can use for transmitting packets. A similar approach could be used for any other IP protocol that isn't easily proxied with existing HTTP methods, such as ICMP, Encapsulating Security Payload (ESP), etc.
Proxied Flow Setup IP A IP B IP IP C Client IP C D Proxy IP D D | Proxy +---------> IP D | +-------------------+ | +--------+ +--------+ ]]>
In this case, the client specifies both a target hostname and an Internet Protocol Number in the scope of its request, indicating that it only needs to communicate with a single host. The IP proxy is able to perform DNS resolution on behalf of the client and allocate a specific outbound socket for the client instead of allocating an entire IP address to the client. In this regard, the request is similar to a regular CONNECT proxy request. The IP proxy assigns a single IPv6 address to the client (2001:db8:1234::a) and a route to a single IPv6 host (2001:db8:3456::b) scoped to SCTP. The client can send and receive SCTP IP packets to the remote host.
Proxied SCTP Flow Example
Proxied Connection Racing The following example shows a setup where a client is proxying UDP packets through an IP proxy in order to control connection establishment racing through an IP proxy, as defined in Happy Eyeballs . This example is a variant of the proxied flow but highlights how IP-level proxying can enable new capabilities, even for TCP and UDP.
Proxied Connection Racing Setup IP A IP B IP C IP E Client IP C E IP D F Proxy IP F IP D IP E | Client | IP C <--> E | IP | | | D <--> F | Proxy | | +-------------------+ |<------------> IP F +--------+ +--------+ IP D ]]>
As with proxied flows, the client specifies both a target hostname and an Internet Protocol Number in the scope of its request. When the IP proxy performs DNS resolution on behalf of the client, it can send the various remote address options to the client as separate routes. It can also ensure that the client has both IPv4 and IPv6 addresses assigned. The IP proxy assigns both an IPv4 address (192.0.2.3) and an IPv6 address (2001:db8:1234::a) to the client, as well as an IPv4 route (198.51.100.2) and an IPv6 route (2001:db8:3456::b), which represent the resolved addresses of the target hostname, scoped to UDP. The client can send and receive UDP IP packets to either one of the IP proxy addresses to enable Happy Eyeballs through the IP proxy.
Proxied Connection Racing Example
Extensibility Considerations Extensions to IP proxying in HTTP can define behavior changes to this mechanism. Such extensions SHOULD define new capsule types to exchange configuration information if needed. It is RECOMMENDED for extensions that modify addressing to specify that their extension capsules be sent before the ADDRESS_ASSIGN capsule and that they do not take effect until the ADDRESS_ASSIGN capsule is parsed. This allows modifications to address assignment to operate atomically. Similarly, extensions that modify routing SHOULD behave similarly with regard to the ROUTE_ADVERTISEMENT capsule.
Performance Considerations Bursty traffic can often lead to temporally correlated packet losses; in turn, this can lead to suboptimal responses from congestion controllers in protocols running inside the tunnel. To avoid this, IP proxying endpoints SHOULD strive to avoid increasing burstiness of IP traffic; they SHOULD NOT queue packets in order to increase batching beyond the minimal amount required to take advantage of hardware offloads. When the protocol running inside the tunnel uses congestion control (e.g., or ), the proxied traffic will incur at least two nested congestion controllers. When tunneled packets are sent using QUIC DATAGRAM frames, the outer HTTP connection MAY disable congestion control for those packets that contain only QUIC DATAGRAM frames encapsulating IP packets. Implementers will benefit from reading the guidance in . When the protocol running inside the tunnel uses loss recovery (e.g., or ) and the outer HTTP connection runs over TCP, the proxied traffic will incur at least two nested loss recovery mechanisms. This can reduce performance, as both can sometimes independently retransmit the same data. To avoid this, IP proxying SHOULD be performed over HTTP/3 to allow leveraging the QUIC DATAGRAM frame.
MTU Considerations When using HTTP/3 with the QUIC Datagram extension , IP packets are transmitted in QUIC DATAGRAM frames. Since these frames cannot be fragmented, they can only carry packets up to a given length determined by the QUIC connection configuration and the Path MTU (PMTU). If an endpoint is using QUIC DATAGRAM frames and it attempts to route an IP packet through the tunnel that will not fit inside a QUIC DATAGRAM frame, the IP proxy SHOULD NOT send the IP packet in a DATAGRAM capsule, as that defeats the end-to-end unreliability characteristic that methods such as Datagram Packetization Layer PMTU Discovery (DPLPMTUD) depend on . In this scenario, the endpoint SHOULD drop the IP packet and send an ICMP Packet Too Big message to the sender of the dropped packet; see .
ECN Considerations If an IP proxying endpoint with a connection containing an IP proxying request stream disables congestion control, it cannot signal Explicit Congestion Notification (ECN) support on that outer connection. That is, the QUIC sender MUST mark all IP headers with the Not ECN-Capable Transport (Not-ECT) codepoint for QUIC packets that are outside of congestion control. The endpoint can still report ECN feedback via QUIC ACK_ECN frames or the TCP ECN-Echo (ECE) bit, as the peer might not have disabled congestion control. Conversely, if congestion control is not disabled on the outer congestion, the guidance in about transferring ECN marks between inner and outer IP headers does not apply because the outer connection will react correctly to congestion notifications if it uses ECN. The inner traffic can also use ECN, independently of whether it is in use on the outer connection.
Differentiated Services Considerations Tunneled IP packets can have Differentiated Services Code Points (DSCPs) set in the traffic class IP header field to request a particular per-hop behavior. If an IP proxying endpoint is configured as part of a Differentiated Services domain, it MAY implement traffic differentiation based on these markings. However, the use of HTTP can limit the possibilities for differentiated treatment of the tunneled IP packets on the path between the IP proxying endpoints. When an HTTP connection is congestion-controlled, marking packets with different DSCPs can lead to reordering between them, and that can in turn lead the underlying transport connection's congestion controller to perform poorly. If tunneled packets are subject to congestion control by the outer connection, they need to avoid carrying DSCP markings that are not equivalent in forwarding behavior to prevent this situation. In this scenario, the IP proxying endpoint MUST NOT copy the DSCP field from the inner IP header to the outer IP header of the packet carrying this packet. Instead, an application would need to use separate connections to the proxy, one for each DSCP. Note that this document does not define a way for requests to scope to particular DSCP values; such support is left to future extensions. If tunneled packets use QUIC datagrams and are not subject to congestion control by the outer connection, the IP proxying endpoints MAY translate the DSCP field value from the tunneled traffic to the outer IP header. IP proxying endpoints MUST NOT coalesce multiple inner packets into the same outer packet unless they have the same DSCP marking or an equivalent traffic class. Note that the ability to translate DSCP values is dependent on the tunnel ingress and egress belonging to the same Differentiated Service domain or not.
Security Considerations There are significant risks in allowing arbitrary clients to establish a tunnel that permits sending to arbitrary hosts, regardless of whether tunnels are scoped to specific hosts or not. Bad actors could abuse this capability to send traffic and have it attributed to the IP proxy. HTTP servers that support IP proxying SHOULD restrict its use to authenticated users. Depending on the deployment, possible authentication mechanisms include mutual TLS between IP proxying endpoints, HTTP-based authentication via the HTTP Authorization header , or even bearer tokens. Proxies can enforce policies for authenticated users to further constrain client behavior or deal with possible abuse. For example, proxies can rate limit individual clients that send an excessively large amount of traffic through the proxy. As another example, proxies can restrict address (prefix) assignment to clients based on certain client attributes, such as geographic location. Address assignment can have privacy implications for endpoints. For example, if a proxy partitions its address space by the number of authenticated clients and then assigns distinct address ranges to each client, target hosts could use this information to determine when IP packets correspond to the same client. Avoiding such tracking vectors may be important for certain proxy deployments. Proxies SHOULD avoid persistent per-client address (prefix) assignment when possible. Falsifying IP source addresses in sent traffic has been common for denial-of-service attacks. Implementations of this mechanism need to ensure that they do not facilitate such attacks. In particular, there are scenarios where an endpoint knows that its peer is only allowed to send IP packets from a given prefix. For example, that can happen through out-of-band configuration information or when allowed prefixes are shared via ADDRESS_ASSIGN capsules. In such scenarios, endpoints MUST follow the recommendations from to prevent source address spoofing. Limiting request scope (see ) allows two clients to share one of the proxy's external IP addresses if their requests are scoped to different Internet Protocol Numbers. If the proxy receives an ICMP packet destined for that external IP address, it has the option to forward it back to the clients. However, some of these ICMP packets carry part of the original IP packet that triggered the ICMP response. Forwarding such packets can accidentally divulge information about one client's traffic to another client. To avoid this, proxies that forward ICMP on shared external IP addresses MUST inspect the invoking packet included in the ICMP packet and only forward the ICMP packet to the client whose scoping matches the invoking packet. Implementers will benefit from reading the guidance in . Since there are known risks with some IPv6 extension headers (e.g., ), implementers need to follow the latest guidance regarding handling of IPv6 extension headers. Transferring DSCP markings from inner to outer packets (see ) exposes end-to-end flow level information to an on-path observer between the IP proxying endpoints. This can potentially expose a single end-to-end flow. Because of this, such use of DSCPs in privacy-sensitive contexts is NOT RECOMMENDED. Opportunistic sending of IP packets (see ) is not allowed in HTTP/1.x because a server could reject the HTTP Upgrade and attempt to parse the IP packets as a subsequent HTTP request, allowing request smuggling attacks; see . In particular, an intermediary that re-encodes a request from HTTP/2 or 3 to HTTP/1.1 MUST NOT forward any received capsules until it has parsed a successful IP proxying response.
IANA Considerations
HTTP Upgrade Token Registration IANA has registered "connect-ip" in the "HTTP Upgrade Tokens" registry maintained at .
Value:
connect-ip
Description:
Proxying of IP Payloads
Expected Version Tokens:
None
References:
RFC 9484
MASQUE URI Suffixes Registry Creation IANA has created the "MASQUE URI Suffixes" registry maintained at . The registration policy is Expert Review; see . This new registry governs the path segment that immediately follows "masque" in paths that start with "/.well-known/masque/"; see for the registration of "masque" in the "Well-Known URIs" registry. This new registry contains three columns:
Path Segment:
An ASCII string containing only characters allowed in tokens; see . Entries in this registry MUST all have distinct entries in this column.
Description:
A description of the entry.
Reference:
An optional reference defining the use of the entry.
The registry's initial entries are as follows: MASQUE URI Suffixes Registry
Path Segment Description Reference
udp UDP Proxying RFC 9298
ip IP Proxying RFC 9484
Designated experts for this registry are advised that they should approve all requests as long as the expert believes that both (1) the requested Path Segment will not conflict with existing or expected future IETF work and (2) the use case is relevant to proxying.
Updates to masque Well-Known URI Registration IANA has updated the entry for the "masque" URI suffix in the "Well-Known URIs" registry maintained at . IANA has updated the "Reference" field to include this document and has replaced the "Related Information" field with "For sub-suffix allocations, see the registry at .".
HTTP Capsule Types Registrations IANA has added the following values to the "HTTP Capsule Types" registry maintained at . New Capsules
Value Capsule Type
0x01 ADDRESS_ASSIGN
0x02 ADDRESS_REQUEST
0x03 ROUTE_ADVERTISEMENT
All of these new entries use the following values for these fields:
Status:
permanent
Reference:
RFC 9484
Change Controller:
IETF
Contact:
masque@ietf.org
Notes:
None
References Normative References Informative References Protocol Numbers IANA
Acknowledgments The design of this method was inspired by discussions in the MASQUE Working Group around . The authors would like to thank participants in those discussions for their feedback. Additionally, , , and provided valuable feedback on the document. Most of the text on client configuration is based on the corresponding text in .